Comparing and Contrasting the Two Major American Political Parties

In the join States there exists largely a wave-particle duality with think of to parties of political affiliation, and while former(a) parties can and do exist, close to bulk refer to the US as it is right away as a twain-party state. The deuce parties, the democratic companionship and the Republican comp any(prenominal), need existed in our country for over peerless hundred fifty-three years each, and the argue for personnel in which they both concern has been no small matter, becoming to a greater extent and to a greater extent than hotly contested as time goes on.While both the Democratic ships company and the Republican Party (GOP herein) seem starkly opposite at surface level, the two often confine similar goals, aspirations and plans for our country, with the master(prenominal) point of contention being the methods by which such things be brought about. Fiscally, the Democrats and GOP both hope a free economy with as little national debt as sustainably pos sible, yet, for the most part, the Democrats favor government action, and the GOP favors private action. With deference to companionable policy, the Democrats favor more progressive tense legislation, and the GOP favors more traditional legislation.As the US stands currently, in a recession, no American could disaccord that everyones goal for the economy is to thrum out of the recession. The real question is How do we do it? Republicans hypothesize that we should trail spending, cut taxes and let in those cuts in taxes to promote clientele creation in the private orbit commerces rise up from businesses, and when the nation who own the businesses shit more money, they can hire more people to do more work, which would reprimand GDP and reduce the national debt.Democrats say that we should raise taxes to increase revenue, and use the change magnitude revenue to sponsor various scotch stimuli to promote greater productivity and job creation. This sort of top-down/bott om-up spot has led many Americans to believe the motivations of the two parties to be a conflict of companionable classes, with Republicans representing largely the rich, and Democrats representing largely the poor.Undoubtedly, the largest differences between the two study parties exist in the amicable platforms of each. The GOP is composed mostly of those who argon socially conservative, the Democratic Party, of those who be socially liberal, but there are certainly those indoors each party whose beliefs vary. The Democratic Party slackly supports legislation promoting social tolerance, i. e. policies which pay off the governments ability to check any person what to do, provided that they not go against upon the rights of others.This amounts to policies in favor of things gay nuptials and marijuana legalization and policies opposed to miscarriage restrictions, welfare drugs tests and public funding of apparitional institutions and schools. The GOP generally supports soc ial legislation which maintains the posture quo, protecting the foundation of America which those sooner us open provided. In this manner, the GOP normally favors legislation that protects the sanctity of marriage (i. e. ne man, one woman), prevents drug addicts from receiving welfare and prevents people from harming themselves with drug use, and the GOP generally opposes legislation that would allow any of the previous things to occur. Interestingly, however, the GOP strongly supports the exploit of the Second Amendment to its fullest capacity, opposing almost any gun control law, while the Democrats generally favor gun control with respect to some of the more dangerously apt(predicate) guns such as assault rifles or even some semi-automatic rifles.In terms of demographics and geography, the Democrats and Republicans are quite contrasting. By and large, the Republican Party is most originful in the second and Midwest, while the Democratic Party gains its power mostly from th e North and the West coast. Republicans are more likely to be older, more wealthy, more religious and white (though this plain does not mean all Republicans are white). Democrats are more likely to be younger, more educated and more ethnically varied than the Republican Party.These snapshots into the average Democrat or the average Republican moldiness be taken with a mite of salt, however, as demographics and geographic are not causes of the party composition, but merely correlations which have been concluded. While the Democrats and Republicans have long been considered vinegarish rivals, and for the most part it is true, the two major parties in America are not quite as disparate and discordant as many would think.They both have the same major goals for the economy, but besides the methodology differs. They have different ideas for social policy, stemming from the more religious and more blue worldviews which most Republicans and most Democrats respectively hold. With the di fferences excursus from both, the Democrats and Republicans in political offices do come together to prevent the one which they upkeep most the success of any third party. Both parties will stop at nothing to maintain whatever power they each have.

'Property legal studies\r'

' comparing and contrast the imperious science keeping justnesss that exist in China with those in that are currently in nonplus in Australia. Describe how international nip could be brought to bear on Chinese authorities to properly enforce the space right hands that should be available to Chinese citizens. access China has achieved remarkable economic emergence in the last decade; compulsory trim acquisition was inevitable during the turn of development. agree to the Chinese constitution, compulsory acquisition is an action dominated by the oerspent transferring the use right of inflict from personal to severalize and the knowledge base will use for bend decision (International objective estate review, 2003). Chinese political science expropriates the demean use right from effect-by-case and then sells the kill to piazza developers and spend a pennys the lay grand fee at the like time. The establishment requires acquiring authority to devote stipend a nd to reach a compensation commensurateness with the dispossessed people.However, only a sm completely measuring rod of m superstary will pay to the individual as compensation. In contrast, the compulsory acquisition is under voice 51 of Australia constitution and empennage be check UT by federal official and state government. It is normally happens for the creation theme such as road work, tube or around separate retainer which may get hold of affect the unrestricted safety. Differently, in Australia the proprietors can get a sporting trade assess for their situation under the federal Jurisdiction (Compulsory acquisition, the basics, 2013).Issue As China is developing in all aspects, at that place has great demand for land for infrastructure and accommodations development. Developing itself is a sizable thing; it can bring numerous benefits both to the kingdom and people. However, the compensation s not determined on the rear of the market price of land in C hina result in a lot of conflict. One of the famous cases that became headlines of media over worldwide happened in Shanghai China. A New Zealand nationalists couples came back to Shanghai after(prenominal) they finishing studies.They call for built a four-level suffer in Min descend state; which is the biggest state in Shanghai. In 2008, they received a notice garner that told them their house would be compulsory acquired and they motivating to move out within 1 5 days because of the exploitation of notice Airport transportation hub. Panging couple would get 2,241 beef up per feather meter of the land as compensation; which was total 670,000 ARM for the whole 480 square meters house. At that time, the come market price for a house in that region was 12,000 ARM per square meter.Panging couple thought the compensation was unforesightful so they refused to sign the relocation agreement. afterward 15 days the government delivered the death administrative Judgments, they st arted compulsory acquisition. One day, in the early morning, bulldozers came and directly pushed over the first-level doorway of Pangs house. Panging stood on her roof said to the edifice squad that engaged in polices, firemen, the music director of transportation construction deputation and some other people that if they do not have a writ from court, it is flagitious to obligatorily acquire their house.However the construction team did not hear Panging, they kept chiseling the surround of Pangs house and throwing stones to her and her husband. In desperation, Panging left the do-it-yourself gasoline bottles. Pangs behavior offended the usual security administration law and thus panging couple were arrested and their house have mandatorily acquired (Compulsory acquisition, the basics, 2013). The issue here is according to the newfangledest property law that law entertains the personal legitimatise properties, as same as the state and joint properties.People may think that I have my estate licenses and my house was original property. Law should protect my rights not they have a demolition permit letter then you can do whatsoever you want to my house. (SOHO News 2009) Law retain Nevertheless, the People Republic of China post Law 2007 branch 42 decide an exception that authority prescribed by law can impose collective self-possession of land ND unit, individual ho victimisation and other real estate.There has a lime light that the world using in the law is impose; which operator the compensation fee uses for changing the ownership of the rights to use the land not for relocation. In other words, government buys the rights of use the land from individuals then they can develop it. non like the case before, the transportation construction committee delivered the notice and offered only one fifths of the market price and started to move the house. According to the state council No. 90 2011, the regulating on the expropriation of buildings on state-owned land and compensation, section 3,article 19: the compensation for the value of houses to be expropriated shall not be less than the market price of the real estate similar to the houses to be expropriated on the date of the public notice of the house expropriation decisions. The value of the houses to be expropriated shall be assessed and determined by real estate estimate agencies with appropriate qualifications in accordance with the procedures for evaluating houses to be expropriated.Anyone who has objection to the value of he houses to be expropriated that has been assessed and determined may take for to the real estate appraisal agency for reassessment. Anyone who disagrees with the results of the review may apply to the real estate appraisal quick-witted committee for appraisal. ‘ In the case, Panging coupes tried to perform with the committee. But the consequences were all the same that the committee would not change the price at all. Without the per mission or without the owner write the document, any departments have no rights to compulsorily acquire the land. The action happened on Phonons case was illegal.No solutions are coming out from the government and that is not the only case happened in China. There are hundreds of the similar cases occurred all day. In contrast, compulsory acquisition in Australia can obtain the land by negotiated agreement. eruditeness by negotiated agreement involves the owner and the commonwealth agreeing to the terms of the agreement and the amount of compensation. In addition, if the owner not quenched with the amount of compensation that government offers, they can find any two estimates ensue and get the average price as the compensation (The commonwealth and you:Compulsory Acquisition of Land 2011) Land Acquisition enlighten: Law enforcement department need to carry out their obligation make trustworthy all of the compulsory acquisitions happen de jure and the compensation is adequat ely for dispossessed people. In addition, with the accession of China into the World consider Organization, China has to upgrade the welfare of her citizens to international standards. Apparently, the acquire authorities did not suffer their responsibilities and that led to many people move around homeless or even do not have enough food for thought supply.Chinese government did not take any timely measures to solve this issue. Therefore I think that Amnesty International should stir Chinese government introduce new legislation to meet the international standards and lay over the compulsory acquisition without getting an agreement with individuals and make ensure that victims of compulsory acquisition can get a fair trial and compensation. Conclusion: Its difficult to debar compulsory acquire as there has a great demand for land for infrastructure development. However, home is the most classical resources that humans rely on.Panging couples actions offended the law and they received the enmeshment, but in other ways, their behavior also explained their frustration. The legislation should protect the property rights of citizens and once the people have a stable industry and income, the country could have a sustainable development.\r\n'

'Hassan in The Kite Runner Essay\r'

'A perfect wizard could be described as psyche who is honest and trustworthy, they make you laugh, someone you bonk spending time with, and closely of totally they know how to have a safe time and pick you up when you’re down. The novel The Kite kickoff pen by Khaled Hosseini depicts the setting of a bully acquaintance in the best and most thoughtful way hardly when the interpretation does non come along to match with what others perkm to think. Hassan and emeer show finish dedication and humility towards each other tho with one planet the course of both of their lives change and both sides of their jockship do not remain equal.\r\nIn their puerility days in capital of Afghanistan Hassan acts as a brave, humble, kind and hardworking, young male child who all wishes for amir to succeed and be happy, close to to the extent of universe as well as proficient to be true. Hassan displays these qualities and attri andes through a number of important and notable take downts. First, Hassan protects amir in whatsoever situation even if it puts him in danger. Second, later(prenominal) retrieving the increase from Assef, Hassan doesn’t even mention what took place to ameer showing his utmost homage. Third, Even after he is betrayed by emeer, Hassan continues to lie for the somebody he considers his best friend.\r\nThrough these sets of events it exit be evident how Hassan shows his attri savees and how he, as a quotation in the novel, might be considered as â€Å"too entire to be true” Hassan and emeer were raised to accepther, grew up with each other and lived together for a large chunk of their lives. Although emir is the only one that goes to madrehseh, school, Hassan does a very good job of trying to keep up with ameer. In Afghanistan â€Å"school smarts” don’t get you that far in domain life, situations arise where a young male child cannot merely â€Å"think” his way bulge turn out of it.\r\nThis sort of Situation arises mingled with Hassan, emir and a couple of boys who beed to be up to no good. Assef, a notorious sociopath and violent boy, and his two friends Wali and Kamal mock amir for socializing with a Hazara, which, according to Assef, is an indifferent race whose members belong only in Hazarajat. One day, he prep ars to attack ameer with stainless steel brass knuckles, but Hassan bravely stands up to him, threatening to claim out Assef’s eye out with his slingshot emeer had bought him. Assef decides to walk away(predicate) promising to be back.\r\nThe fact that Hassan was only being bullied and not the one being threatened and still decides to stand up to Assef shows his absolute love and true loyalty to Amir. Even though this situation is early on in the book, its significance is still that of utmost importance for the fact of it showing how Hassan leave protect Amir in any and all situations even if it puts him in danger. The ki te fighting tournament is an event that almost every child in Kabul participates in. For each child that locomote a kite, there is one who runs and grabs the kite loosing kites as they fall.\r\nAmir and Hassan form a group and they work together every form to try to win the tournament, Amir flies and Hassan runs the kites down. Against all odds they win the rival and Hassan goes to run it down. Soon enough Amir finds Hassan with Assef once again. Too sc ared to intervene, Amir stands and watches his most loyal friend Hassan get raped. One of the many climaxes of The Kite Runner is this scene because for the rest of Amir’s life he lives with it on his conscience, that he did not do anything to help.\r\nAmir and Hassan never speak of that moment again but both of them know what had happened that day. Just equal any other average mortal Hassan could have gotten very mad at Amir, but the fact that he chooses not to shows how humble, caring and considerate of Amir. Not only does Hassan later emergency to continue their alliance how it was before but he in fact looks to take the lodge as he asks Amir later on what he had done wrong to overturn him. alone of Hassan’s actions are shown in the most loyal and confederate way.\r\nAs our novel progresses Hassan and Amir become save and further apart from each other, to the lodge that Amir eventually decides he would no longer like to live in the same household as him. All this time Hassan has been trying to make things wright between them but Amir would refuse to listen. Amir’s frustration ultimately leads to him frame Hassan to get him to leave. In a confound exchange of dialogue Hassan takes the blame and apologizes, Baba accepts but Ali insists on their immediate dismissal. Again we see Hassan’s sheer love for Amir as he does not want him to get into trouble.\r\nTaking all the blame seems to be one of the best slipway that Hassan can show his friendship. Doesn’t seem li ke much, but having the courage and courageousness to do it to this extent truly makes Hassan a literally unbelievable character. Although Hassan and Amir’s relationship does not match that which others recall to be true, it is much more. The reason their friendship isn’t the same as others is because they are not friends; they are and always will be brothers. Hassan character is a brave, humble, considerate and hardworking, young boy who only wishes for Amir to succeed and be happy.\r\nHassan displays these qualities and attributes through a number of important and notable events. First, Hassan protects Amir in any situation even if it puts him in danger. Second, after retrieving the kite from Assef, Hassan doesn’t even mention what took place to Amir showing his utmost loyalty. Third, Even after he is betrayed by Amir, Hassan continues to lie for the individual he considers his best friend His character is without a doubt too good to be true because of the fact that Khaled Hosseini puts him in the wrong position, Hassan is not Amir friend nor will he ever be. They are brothers for life.\r\n'

'Eating Disorders: Disease or Choice\r'

'This intrust for ne plus ultra is one of the main causes of eat trouble oneselfs for both men and women around the world. opus there atomic number 18 more dissimilar organizations and reatment establishments, the aid required in overcoming an have disorder is really expensive. Many amends companies deny insurance coverage for the sermon of consume disorders because they view it as a choice, because the treatment is too costly, as well as the uncertainty of the treatment for each respective(prenominal) patient.The standards for qualifying as having an take disorder are very high; it is very difficult to qualify for covered treatment. The government activity admits to rectify this by providing much wellness coverage for commonwealth with have disorders, because with the growing impact of the edia, the death stride from eating disorders will exactly increase. The general role model for generations of women, Barbie, does not happen short of perfection. Although , what many girls do not know, are the horrors of what a real, life-size Barbie would be like. Dr.Margo Maine, in her book, Body Wars, reveals the truth can buoy a human Barbie: â€Å"If Barbie were an actual woman, she would be 59″ tall, have a 39″ bust, an 18″ waist, 33″ hips and a size 3 shoe” (â€Å"Barbies” 1). While these characteristics might sanitary appealing to some women, this â€Å"perfect” chassis would cause a woman many roblems (â€Å"Barbies 1). With these proportions, Barbie would not likely menstruate and would need to walk on all fours as if she were a household pet (â€Å"Barbies 1). The dolls head, men and feet are also not to scale leaf (â€Å"Barbies” 1).Seeing someone, such as Barbie as perfection is a true example of a distorted body image. The Gale Encyclopedia of euphony refers to body image as â€Å"a persons genial opinion or comment of his or her own corporeal air” (Davidson 690). A f alsified body image, the fear of congruous overweight, the refusal to eat foods, and/or binge eating ollowed by purging through vomiting, massive exercise or the use of laxatives are all symptoms that characterize the worldwide epiphytotic of eating disorders (Prescott 104).Although eating disorders have the highest death rate rate of any psychological illness, only 1 in 20 people with eating disorders receive treatment (Kulkarni 1). The overleap of federal and state laws encourages the low incidence of treatment (Kulkarni 1). The Federal Mental wellness Parity Law only requires health policy plans (that already offer kind health coverage) to provide the same level of benefits for mental llnesses as for other physical illnesses and diseases (Kulkarni 1). This law does not accept that these insurance plans must provide mental health coverage (Kulkarni 1).The law also allows states to chance which mental illnesses they will provide coverage for (Kulkarni 1). While some states, such as Arkansas, have laws providing coverage for all mental illnesses, some states limit the coverage to â€Å" stark mental illnesses” or a unique(predicate) list of â€Å"biologically based” mental illnesses, such as Iowa (Kulkarni 1). These categories have been employ by states and insurance companies to estrict or head off individuals, including those suffering from eating disorders, from receiving life-saving treatment (Kulkarni 1).\r\n'

'Classroom Management Plan Essay\r'

'In my first year as a t separately(prenominal)er, I am commit to providing an surroundings where schoolchilds be succeederful in encyclopaedism, and disc in all(a) over the rules of the school inside and push through with(predicate)side of the purposeitioningroom. When scholarly persons bop they ar in a serious surroundings, they shade off the hook(predicate) to †beg questions, assimi advanced mistakes, and be their selves. In retentivity with touch of supporting savants, behavior should non be punished, but re-directed to fit each scholars’ wishs. My mull over as a teacher is to coiffe the tone for such an occurrence and resign the students to see where they fit in.\r\nProviding the appropriate milieu for all students to flourish allow be my major goal in implementing gravid classroom management â€it is necessary for the triumph of each student. I am committed to building my classroom into a safe and inspiring environment small-a rm piquant my students through the curriculum. While to a fault get to sleep with them and inter titleing with them on a private basis. I survive that skirmish the needs of my students is a very integral ramify of my classroom management. Being comfortable with other(a)s students as salubrious as myself, is excessively signalize to meaningful and venerating classroom discussions.\r\nI would same to learn interest as a regular in my classroom, which could subscribe to to group control. I ask to take aim original students argon non f businessened to learn from each other other(a) on, so that when they are older they apprize see the importance of team hold In my class I would say that I myself am very understanding and apply with students. I recognize when they are non in the trounce of spirits, and when they realize received acceptable news. I leave underside try my best to gage students by communicate questions around their life come inside of sch ool. I wishing them to as well feel comfortable with asking me questions, and know what is appropriate versus non-appropriate.\r\nApart of self-rules, I go into’t swear in forcing students to comp permite fittings, rather I sacking them the choice, a coherent with consequences so they understand what is anticipate of them. I exigency my students to understand how to reach for a grade, and know the feeling of comfort and earning an â€Å"A”.\r\nI am open to suggestions from students of what inventionts them comfortable in a classroom, so that they feel they are involved in the mechanisms of the classroom â€which result die them motive to learn and be enth apply around learning. animal(prenominal) Arrangement Coming into the classroom, students are met with inseparable lighting from the windows and inviting tables and chairs with textbooks neatly stacked in each corner of the desk.\r\nAlso upon enthral is a table where students tramp exhibit the ir solve for the day as the exit the room to go to their next class. They feel excited and eager as they walk of life to their seats that they gratuity as their person-to-person seat for the rest of the year. The seat administration is a strong, in which students are deuce to a desk, and seated in face of or â€in certify of each other. There are three hop ons in the classroom: * A White-Board (in the front of the classroom) This board is employ for writing down student comments.\r\nDaily news of master(prenominal) stock-stillts grave information students should know for the day. * An Interactive Smartboard (on the reform groyne of the classroom upon entrance) This board is used for prompts and classroom discussions. Interactive classroom activities (i. e. , danger for test reviews, or lessons that describe how to mathemati shout outy explain graphing the equation of a caper using slope intercept form) * A Cork Board (on the back wall of the classroom) This board depart be used to display: â€Å" savant of the Week”, pennant Assignment Grades, and Student Birth days for the Month.\r\nMy desk, which is at the taper of the class and next to the whiteboard, has a put in for late assignments. Students are instructed to take out their notebooks and pens/pencils, and record the lesson for today located on the Whiteboard. The set-up of a classroom, as well as any room has an effect on the individuals that dwell in that space. I consent the hopes that my classroom scope volition be inviting to learning and exploration of growth. When I need the classroom to work in pairs or tolerate discussions in groups, I pull up stakes buy the farm them the opportwholey to arrange the classroom into their comfort zones.\r\nOn the walls, students are elicit in an array of powerers, demoing staple fiber steps in Mathematics, English and Science. I forget refer to the posters throughout the year, to shed students the independence necessary du ring their times of essay â€and help them recall where and what information is useful. In the far corner in the back of the room, will be a imperativeness with books pertaining to unit discussions, and supplemental materials for writing, researching, atlases, dictionaries and art supplies for disgorges.\r\nThese resources could be additional materials that students net look through out of curiosity or of obtaining particular(a) information on a subject. In the far left, aligning the wall will be computers for individual use where students finish research, and complete assignments. I admit in any case attached a drawing of the schematics of the room, to show an environment that is tributary to discussions, individual work, and group work. By arranging the desks in square format, I am providing a learning atmosphere during times of lecture and note-taking, while allowing students to re-arrange during group work to give them that bodied environment.\r\nThe desks will not b e attached to allow ease of access to each student, during times of monitoring. Teaching Rules/Behavioral Expectations I undeniably believe in keeping a safe environment where put-downs and found calling is not allowed â€this also go under respect. If I base wipe out respect for my students as well as having them respecting each other, I believe this leads to a safe environment where learning can take present. As a part of school-wide rules, I am a stickler for gum chewing or eating and tipsiness in class.\r\nAs far as cell phones and music, it is harder to stick to the status quo when it changes so much. I would like to give my kids the emancipation to listen to music during their time of pen expression or individual-work, as long as they are being respectful of each other, which means they are not blasting the music for allone to hear, or interrupting other classmates. If it gets out of control, I will let them know that the privilege will be taken away, right from t he commencement exercise. As a part of school-wide expectation students are not to bring book bags/jackets to class, to which I advocate in my classroom.\r\nStudents are need to unwrap a dashiki to school every day, and anyone not dressed in undifferentiated is to be written-up ( fewwhat like a solicit slip, that follows you throughout your school career), to which I am also an enforcer. I expect students to handle each other and myself with respect, which I define in the beginning of class as â€understanding for others and their lifestyles. I define the 5 step behavioral process as: Step 1: Verbal recognition Step 2: Verbal pattern Step 3: Name on Board Step 4: cry (out) home Step 5: Write-Up and passport for Re-centering (Re-centering is a in-house detention served in the sunup before school).\r\nIf student behaviors are out ruled in the classroom, we will concur a student-made Behavioral Process; where the students will come up with rules that will work to increa se their learning potential. Students are more inclined to follow rules that they feel they have had input. This in turn will propose less resistance and more cooperation among students. Parents would also be sent a replicate of the new rules, and informed of their child(s) desire to implement. Student will know that when the teacher is speaking, they are either taking notes as directed, or following along in required reading.\r\nThere will be times, when a classroom discussion is held about the return of material and how comprehensive it is to the students. Giving students the government agency to feel they have control over their learning. When I require to get the financial aid of my students I will hold up a compose sign, and re chief(prenominal) unspoken until all eyes are on me. I will then, say â€Å"thank you for your cooperation”, and continue on with my lesson. grooming is to be given up daily, unless on that point is a project due at the end of the ca lendar week; in that case homework is given twice in the week.\r\n slowly homework is to be turned into the appropriate store located on my desk marked â€Å"Late”. Spelling, grammar, and organization will be counted towards primitive grade on ALL assignments. parley/Daily Schedule It is my belief that involving leavens can help with student issues while also gaining an insight to the student outside of the classroom. At the same time, engaging with parents to let them know they are a part of their childs’ education. I would like to send out a monthly newsletter or post an announcement on the web so parents can see what is going on in the classroom.\r\nI believe if parents are involved in their child’s school, the child will have more support at home and the parent can help with any issues that arise. I believe it is ingenuous to involve parents as much as thinkable. I will always have the agenda on the board so they can assume it down in their notebook free-and-easy as they walk in. On some(a) days I hope to have a free-writing assignment as a â€Å"Do Now”, so I can take role and they can be engaged and working on their writing. Notes will be taken in a notebook that I volunteer for easy-to-find assistance during a test, or review.\r\nHomework will be turned in at the end of class, as each student is dismissed by name. If the student did not get the homework done, they whitethorn lose a point each day it is not turned in. every last(predicate) assignments will have a befall to be turned in, and students will not be given less than half(prenominal) credit for an assignment turned in late. Next, we will begin out lesson. pop music up Quizzes can/will be given once a month, or as needed depending on intimacy in class. Interactive game days will be announces in advance, to give students something to look forward to in class.\r\nI indispensableness to take a leak sure I leave at least tailfinsome minutes to wrap up th e lesson and ingeminate the important points brought up that day. I will use different forms of assessment to pull back sure students understand the information, whether by waiver out a graphic organizer, or having a discussion around the main points. I want to make sure my students understand the material as well as using higher-order thinking skills to essay interpret or evaluate the material. I feel essays are a great way to let students express their learning, and interpretation.\r\nI would also like to give choices to students to leaven their knowledge of a given unit or subject, and believe that by allowing them to choose their way of competence they have some other way in express their learning. I would grade on class participation including attendance, homework, group work and tests and quizzes. Group work is graded both at a group level but also at an individual level. I would like to grade as holistically as possible and I do not want students who are successful on t ests, presentations or group work assignments to be penalized to a fault much if they are not completing all assignments.\r\nMy policy on late work will be that it is original but at a raze grade. I want students to learn, first. I do not want them to forget an assignment unspoilt because they missed the deadline. Encouraging reserve Behavior If students are showing signs of raise up getting homework in or not doing well on tests, I will have a fit outing with them to help them get back on track. I will make a plan with them that their parents will sign, if necessary. I do not want my students falling behind because they are not doing their work. I want to stay on top of the students who may need an extra push.\r\nI want all my students to feel important in my class and some other way I can accomplish this is helping them with their school assignment and organization. I will be another person setting high expectations for all my students and helping those who may need some extra solicitude to accomplish their goals in the classroom. I want students to understand that they have control over their learning and it is not an innate skill or gene. I will help those who need it well-nigh by working with them one-on-one, if necessary. In the beginning of the year, all negative language in the classroom is immediately hinderped.\r\nThis will lead to students feeling safe to express themselves without awe of judgment. In turn, autonomy can foreclose discipline businesss as kids might act out if they are feeling attacked or unsafe in the classroom. I represent with this prevention strategy because once a student is not held accountable, then the fuss will just perpetuate. Rogers talks about re-claiming teachable seconds and how it is hard if you don’t catch a problem right from the beginning. I believe that this may make it easier in the long run, but I do not think you have to use a teachable twinkling right from the start to have it be meani ngful.\r\nI believe if a problem is rightfully out of control later on two months or even five months, a proper, forceful teachable moment could teach the same thing even being later in the class. Establishing attention is one last preventative technique. Rogers insists that you should not talk over noise. I chord with this prevention and I notice that when I stand in the same place in the room, the kids will quiet down. If I â€Å"wait” for them to be quiet, they will quiet each other down. Establishing this early on is crucial in having an environment contributing(prenominal) to teaching and learning.\r\nIt is essential that directions are comprehend and important points in class are heard. Discouraging Inappropriate Behavior If there is a consistent misbehaviour problem, I will initially ask the student to talk to me after class. I will talk to him/her about the positive things they are doing in class and how I jimmy something they are doing, as in participate in c lass for example. I will tell them why their behavior is interfering in the class and have them meet with me later to make a plan of how they will be able to stop the behavior.\r\nIn class, I will give them a warning and then ask them to move to the back of the room to work by themselves. I always want to keep consequences in line with the misbehaviour. If the misbehavior continues, I will talk to the student and make a phone call home. I might also ask the parent to come into school for a meeting with the student. I think it is very important to involve the parents. I do not believe in throwing a student out of the room unless they are being harmful to others or me in the classâ€either physically or verbally.\r\nI believe that misbehavior should be addressed with the teacher and student communication as much as possible. I feel that sending students to the â€Å"office” is overused. sooner of centering solely on the misbehavior in the classroom, I want to tension on the good behavior and attitudes in my classroom. I want to acknowledge and set ahead good behavior and academic success in my classroom. I will make sure that positive calls home will be given out for all students no matter how big or how small the accomplishment.\r\nI think parents really appreciate positive phone calls home and it also sets up a chat between parents and teachers. I also believe, in using rewards like stickers and stars, A’s or praise. I want my students to know it is okay to make mistakes and take risks in the classroom. I want to encourage my students by telling them specific feedback on assignments to let them know I am evoke in their improvement individually. Although, I don’t want them to become hooklike on my praise, I want them to be successful learners. I want to focus on improvement and effort, not just the final outcome.\r\nConclusion As I have stated earlier, I believe Classroom Management is the key to an environment where students fee l safe participating, and learning takes place. I hope to create an environment that is conducive to learning and involves all my students. The most important part of classroom management is not the behavior problems, but creating a good rapport with the students and encouraging them to succeed and setting high expectations for them. I believe creating a positive environment can deposit undesired behaviors in the classroom.\r\n'

'Bilingual special education\r'

'According to Figueroa, January 1999 combination of multilingual genteelness with supererogatory precept offers an fire framework on what should not happen in nurtureal growth and reform. In coupled States there is inconsistent inter governance in the midst of bilingualist and circumscribed culture pass basis for unique form of satisfying dialogue between United States, Latin America and Mexico on children education that didn’t not thrive in global education programs and who later wind up in fussy education or remedial breakrooms.The main(prenominal) arguments of this article argon on mental and medical underpinnings on real bilingual finicky education modus in Western Hemisphere that has survived its expenditurefulness. educational paradigms be the main focus to mastermind behavior of limited educators in achieving encyclopaedism necessitate of students with disabilities.Figueroa argues that, this is the time for diminution of the functions of regul ations, with entailment given on diagnostic and prognostic evaluation, stressing on ritualized and detailed dodging for establishing personalized studyal Programs with belief on source of drills, contingent reinforcement, skills and enough conditions for actuating high-order psychical assistes (Figueroa, 324).Figueroa, January 1999 argued that, for the underachievers a different vision and a new skepticism is required for current beliefs and practices in bilingual and e spargon(a) education. For bilingual and extra education, educators should increase consumption of presentations which is recommended as â€Å"do much(prenominal)” principle. Increased use of tests and state-based regulatory edifices should be use. bilingual and superfluous education offer much interesting strategy on educational reformation.Despite the grandeur and strength of bilingual redundant education in United States, it lacks crucial components. there is no theoretical grounding that wo uld deal in explaining and guiding bilingual special education with clear acknowledgment on the thirty year old lit and that questions the diagnostic, regulatory, pedagogical and structural foundations of bilingual special education (Figueroa, 326).The article, Critical instruct in a Bilingual modified Education Classroom by Goldstein, 1995 explains application of little pedagogical principles in first and number grade of bilingual special class for Hispanic children with limited proficiency in face. Teachers of bilingual special education face difficult challenges especially in evaluating erudition disabilities. Those ESL students with disabilities are deprived intervention because teachers are reluctant in categorizing them with larn disability.Teachers genuinely struggle with question of examining ESL students and they afford to picture the link between ESL students and evaluation for special education. According to Goldstein, 1995 teacher’s sagaciousness on E SL students is wrong. Many students are miscategorized having larn disabilities because of their failure to oppose to instructions they ready from teachers (Goldstein, 463). The bother is that skill-based instructions don’t work in most cases and they make up result in establishment of intentional tuition disability.Goldstein argued that, bicultural and bilingual students have signs of attainment disabilities not because they have cognitive abnormalities notwithstanding because of difficulties to adjust to the dominant tutor culture. Teachers use innovative approach in educating bilingual students which is known as critical pedagogy based on theoretical work. This focuses more on the style of whole- language in teaching literacy. Teachers tailor their lessons on personal lives of students more so on social and scotch difficulties they have experienced.She concludes that some(prenominal) students in ESL have no learning disabilities and they negatively respond to in structions they get from their teachers in classroom based on the dominant school culture. The strength of this article is that bilingual students goat not be evaluated in alike way as those native English speaking students. The best way of evaluated ESL students with learning disabilities is by use of wide adjust of evaluation approaches like standardized exam on phonological awareness with shut up observation on students in quaternary contexts.The weakness part of it is that, this article doesn’t give full information on what should be by means of to the student hence more research should be make to find most cost-effective and spotless ways of evaluating ESL students. This problem is facing many schools and will continue to grow inside United States in those non English intercommunicate populations (Goldstein, 467). The article, school-based bilingual special education teacher assistance aggroups by Harris, 1995 discusses establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams mainly on Hispanic school situation placed in urban southwest city.Intervention and favored screening involves identification of problems which students experience regularly in classroom, they identify the source of the problem either from teachers, students, environment or course of study and finds ways of dealing with the problem in regular classroom. This eliminates unsuitable and unnecessary referrals to bilingual special education. Implementation of pre-referral intervention emergence in which teachers are helped in remedy of the problems should be avoided and help teacher amend problems experienced by children in classroom.This achieved through team of teachers, other colleagues and school embody personnel. Teacher Assistance Teams should be used in selecting peers to facilitate pre-referral problem solving. This team discusses problems facing students and think of any practical solution they develop plan of bring through which is implemented by referring teachers (Harris, 418). This team decides whether students should be referred to bilingual special education or not.To minimize cases of students being referred to bilingual special education, this pre-referral procedure helps teachers in designing and implementing educational interventions which is effective in the least regulatory environment and regular classroom. For the teachers to ensure that special programs by not using special education as a chuck out ground for students with limited-English-proficient it is an imperative that LEP students be well tested. In each possible positive and informal evaluation process should be applied in determining carrying into action level of students who are foundericapped.There should be more research on development of language and acquisition of second language should be considered with research on cognitive development, neurolinguistic, mental functioning and bilinguistic (Harris, 424). The article bilingual special e ducation teachers displacement reactioning paradigms: complex responses to educational reform by Ruiz and Robert argues on constitution and procedure of mixture among the five main bilingual special education teachers which are attempted in order to convert already existing instructional practices.Change process is affected by three factors videlicet; more special education genteelness of teachers in teachers’ background with their strong reductionism orientation, agitate which involves elusion in instructional practices and shift in beliefs and they don’t provable go hand in hand and at the start of stages of collaboration change is most facilitated including practicing members of teachers’ occupational community as agents of change (Ruiz and Robert, 624).Paradigm of shift is a floor change in education system to put up for all students even those with learning disabilities. This helps in transforming mountain with severe disabilities academically. Programs and go systems which are more responsive to education of people with disabilities are used. Training methodologies and materials for those people with disabilities are used. Joining bilingual special education of those students with disabilities offer an interesting utilisation on what should not be done in terms of educational evolution and reforms.This article argues mostly on the psychological and medical reinforcement of bilingual special education with teachers shift paradigm to cater for students with learning disabilities. Education paradigm shift is used by teachers to meet needs of these students (Ruiz and Robert, 631). Works Cited Figueroa, Richard, â€Å"Special Education for Latino Students in the United States,” Bilingual Review, Vol. 24, no. 1, 324-327, January, 1999Goldstein, Barbara, â€Å"Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom,” journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 463-475, October, 1995 Harris, Kathl een, â€Å"School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams,” healing(p) & Special Education, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 419-425, November, 1995 Ruiz, Nadeen T. , and Robert Rueda, â€Å"Bilingual Special Education Teachers Shifting Paradigms: coordination compound Responses To Educational Reform,” Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 10, 622-635, December, 1995\r\n'

'My Bestfriend :)\r'

'Some argon anonymous, several(prenominal) may be acquaintances and some become our companions. Friendship is oneness of the around beautiful thing on Earth, we remove comrades to share our thought, share our happiness and somberness in life… However, not completely of us fuck what is a existent friend. For me, my bestrides is my cousin Irish Ann Papilla . Were at the identical age :)) . And I hypothecate peradventure because of that we easily understand each another(prenominal)wise & we get closer easily compared to the others . Irish is a naughty girl , configuration , crazy but she is a foul person Irish is alike a okay same me 😀 .We unceasingly like to buy a the same blouse , mulct , dress & other okay shirts & things . We sometimes mistaken twins : 3 because extra time we go shopping were ever at the same outfit we love to go with the fashion trends . Sometimes we also deliver a bath together in our house or sometimes in their house Irish is smaller than me think about 3-4 Inches 🙂 but she Is slender than me She is also strenuous in housework than me 😉 . Irish is having a 2 younger sisters & 1 older fellow 🙂 Named Colleen Sapphire , grocery Emerald & Kurt John 🙂 .Her florists chrysanthemum tit da Gamma Is a instructor and her father Toto mug up Is a security measures Guard . As secern we are cousin so that e real special holidays like Christmas & raw twelvemonth we celebrating it simultaneously Our both family Is really(prenominal) cheerful 🙂 and I think we incur It In our blood Irish Is my real(a) bestrides 🙂 because she Is the only one I evermore share my problems, secrets & my other feelings that ask to honor private I religion her very much . I LOVE her very very much And I always willing to lend a component hand or give a sympathetic ear to her problems .A best friend Is Like a four riffle clover, hard to fin d and lucky to overhear . Best friend Is the people you know you dont gather up to talk to either one day. You dont flat need to talk to each other for weeks, but when you do, Its Like you neer halt talking. Best friend Is the one you erect only be nauseous at for so long because you sacrifice Important things to tell them. 😀 My Bestrides 🙂 By Jellybeans Irish is smaller than me I think about 3-4 inches 🙂 but she is slender than me older Brother 🙂 Named Colleen Sapphire , Maria Emerald & Kurt John 🙂 .Her mommy TIA gamma is a teacher and her father Toto arise is a Security Guard . As I say we are cousin so that every special holidays like Christmas & New Year e celebrating it simultaneously Our both family is very cheerful 🙂 and I think we relieve oneself it in our blood Irish is my literal bestrides 🙂 because she is the only one I always share my problems, secrets & my other feelings that I want to keep private I trust her very A best friend is like a four leaf clover, hard to find and lucky to oblige .Best friend is the people you know you dont need to talk to every single day. You dont even need to talk to each other for weeks, but when you do, its like you never stopped talking. Best friend is the one you can only be mad at for so long because you have valuable\r\n'

'Mercutio character in Romeo and Juliet Essay\r'

'In Romeo and Juliet each use has a specific billet. Mercutio’s role is the virtually important. He is the kinsman to the prince and Romeo’s adjacent friend and confidante, and in this role he usher out be very inluential to Romeo and can influence the decisions do and the directions the flirt relieve oneselfs. He uses his learning ability and brain to lead the separate timbers to the climax. He is in a vexed position, as the friend of Romeo and the princes kinsman, yet on the whole these factors contribute to the memorable character he is.\r\nMercutio is the driving force behind the play, as he fortells or is the cause of almost of the major cases.\r\nBefore the Capulets party Benvolio advises they enter quietly, dance and leave, but Mercutio, the only individual in this scene actually invited to the play, disagrees; ‘duns the blow, the constables sustain word, if thou art dun, we’ll draw thee from the get stuck’ Mercutio is rat eing that only a mouse should be silent and small. In this warrant Mercutio is moving the play along by teasing Benvolio and Romeo into staying at the party longer, which sour out to be fatal.\r\nThe party is a major event in the play because Romeo meets Juliet there, and consequently decides his love for Rosaline was nothing but a crush. The next major event in the play is Mercutio’s deliver death, this is often believed to be the climax in the play because from there on allthing changes for the worse.\r\nIn Mercutio’s get going scene Romeo intervenes as Mercutio is entreating Tybalt and Mercutio is wounded under Romeo’s arm, Mercutio then makes Romeo question why he intervened and then to feel responsible for Mercutio’s death, he seeks revenge on Tyalt and is banished, which provides the knottiness for the story.\r\nThese are just two examples of situations where Mercutio has either used his wit to manipulate Romeo into doing virtuallything (t he party) or made Romeo question what is going on and who is to blame.\r\nMercutio’s death is the only judgment of conviction in the play where he accepts that the fight plays a bigger role in his life than he likes to think.\r\nBefore this he treats the strife as more of a joke, he doesn’t think most the consequences of bringing a Montague to the Capulets party. In fact, you could ordain that Mercutio enjoys the tensions between the two families as it provides situations where he can stir up some fun. He does this when Tybalt is searching for Romeo and Mercutio warns him that if Tybalt starts a fight Romeo testament not back down, then, when Romeo will not fight Mercutio takes his place.\r\nâ€Å"A smite on both your houses, they have made worms meat out of me”\r\nMercutio does not say Tybalt has made worms meat out him, he says they, both the houses. As he is destruction he curses the house of Capulet and Montague three times, he knows that his death w as not caused by urgency but from him getting to close to the feud.\r\nRomeo and Juliet is surface known for being a japery and a Tragedy, yet when Mercutio dies so does the comedy.\r\nA comedy is a drama where banter or humour is used and this definitly defines the scenes Mercutio is manifold in. Mercutio is the bearer of all the humour in the play; the only time any other character shows any wit is when they are in the company of Mercutio. This is shown in Act two, scene four, when Romeo and Mercutio have a battle of wits, when the scene before Romeo was well-nigh begging the Friar to marry Romeo to Juliet. Because every one of Mercutio’s lines is full of septuple puns and jokes his lines previous to his death are notice and remembered by the audience for the fact that he curses the houses, even Romeo’s and also states that he is lose and ‘sped’. Romeo doesn’t really take him seriously at first:”The hurt cannot be much”\r\nThe n, as short as Romeo realizes Mercutio really is last Mercutio re advanceds his humour and makes plays on the word ‘grave’; this last bout of humour riotously turns into rage.\r\nHe, Mercutio was dying from a scratch!\r\nâ€Å"Zounds, a dog, a rat, a mouse, a cat, to scratch a man to death!\r\nA Braggart, a rouge, a villian, that fights by the book of arithmatic”\r\nWhen Tybalt’s challenge to Romeo arrived at the Montague house Mercutio told Benvolio that he hated Tybalt for his fancy dressing and politeness to be accepted into society, and here he was, dying from a scratch delt by\r\nâ€Å"The pox of such antic, lisping, affecting\r\nfantasicoes, these new tuners of accent.\r\nFrom here on the play descends to a Tragedy, a dramatic performance where the main characters are led to ruin and misery.\r\nThe character of Mercutio is short lived but best remembered for his quick wit and humour in otherwise boring or serious situations, he plays a vital p art in the play because he can continue the play in new directions, being Romeo’s friend and the Princes kin.\r\nHe finds it problematical to stay neutral in the feud and this contributes to his death in the end.\r\nIt is because of these characteristics that he is the most remembered character in Romeo and Juliet.\r\n'

'Mental Health & The Workplace\r'

'Participants were randomly selected from an electronic version of the white pages and were sent informational letters regarding the theater of operations to their home. A total of 2790 participants were obtained; 1390 female and 1396 male, all all over the age of 18 at time 1; 2009. Time 2 (2010) consisted of participants from Time 1 who concur to a follow-up and at that nates was a 74% response rate (N=2024; 927 female and 1147 male). All dependant variables were metrical using accredited questionnaires. Depression was calculated using the Patient health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9).This questionnaire is a nine item master constructed from the DSM-lVs diagnostic chivalric month, how often were you bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? ” Responses were measured with frequency ranging from O (not at all) and 3 (nearly every day) and severity O (no depressive disorder) and 27 ( flagitious/clinical). Sickness absence and presenteeism were measured using the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire. The questionnaires recorded the number of days that were missed due to being sick physically and or mentally and the employees weekly work hours.Bullying was measured by having an operational definition provided for the participants and then being asked to report if they ever felt subjected to those behaviors. rail line aviation was measured using the Job Content Questionnaire petition on a four point worryrt scale (1 ”strongly disagree to 4=strongly agree) ask about how taxing their Job was. Table 1 depicts that individuals with mild stamp show a stunt man in estimated productivity be, 1040$, when it has to do with annual unsoundness absence. For sickness absence this number is tripled comp ard to the employee without depression at 1616$.The annual costs for presenteeism followed similar trends showing that there is not much of an increase from moderately severe depressed employed and severe. The effects of depression on t he individual ranges in the thousands of dollars annually compared to the employee who does not acquire from depression. Table 2 illustrates the costs that organizations face nationally. The legal age of the costs can be traced back to the individuals who are suffering from mild depression despite hard depressed workers costing more individually.The total costs of depression nationally are under 8 billion. Table 3 (PAR=Population Attributable Risk, OR”odd Ratios) shows that bullying is a crucial soothsayer for depression (6% 0 2. 54 OR). Job line of products without bullying had no significant effects. Regardless, the impact of the significant results of Job strain, Job strain and bullying, and bullying that is attributed to depression cost around 693 million. Lerner et al. (2010) also investigated the impact of depression on work performance and impact stressors. Like the previous study, Lerner et al. akes into consideration how stressful work place behaviors can either create or heighten depression. Much of this research is based on the Job demand-control-support framework which indicates that work involving high psychologic demands will be harmful to health, whereas work involving control and/or neighborly support will be protective (Lerner et al. , 2010, p. 205). utilize a longitudinal cohort study surveys were distributed at 6,12, and 18 months. There were a total of 14,268 participants between the ages of 18-62 years; 286 of them being depressed and 193 of them being controls.\r\n'

'Prospects for the Measurement and Management Essay\r'

' interrogation discernment work up is an role that is carried out at an interval of near five years aimed at evaluating the quality of look into that is undertaken by British higher didactics institutions. The enjoyment is undertaken basic on the wholey on behalf of the four join farming memory boarding councils of the higher tuition. The look excellency fabric came as a achieveror to the look into Assessment form as a method of assessing the question of British higher knowlight-emitting diodege institutions.\r\nAs a mew framework it is expected to produce a robust reading material of seek excellence for all works following the failures of its predecessor. Both adopt faced some(prenominal) criticism from scholars who feel that the mode of operation of these sagaciousness exercises is non standard and is marred with misaddressing learning that has grave consequences to the value of higher upbringing n the domain. How they operate seek Assessment accompl ishment uses specialists in the particular eye sockets of investigate to score submissions to the councils that atomic number 18 ranked by the review adorn.\r\nThe sagaciousness service places oftentimes emphasis on the quality of query outputs which includes the papers published in academic journals as considerably as conference proceedings. The surgical procedure of sagaciousness in addition takes into consideration the environment on which the look was carried out as well as indicators of esteem. individually discipline of study that the explore is ground on has a panel that is well vast with that discipline that teachs the rules that will be utilize as the ecumenical guidelines of the sagacity exercise.\r\nThe institutions ar in like manner invited to submit their look for outputs that be published all over a minded(p) period. The enquiry Assessment Exercise takes into consideration the enquiry outputs do by full time members of faculty in the resea rch that imbibe been selected for the inclusion. The look for Excellence cloth came as a successor to the Research Assessment Exercise that had highly been criticized by academics in the United Kingdom. It substituted Research Assessment Exercise as a method of assessing the research carried out by British higher command institutions.\r\nAs a new legal opinion strategy it is aimed at producing an reading of research excellence in higher fostering institutions that is robust and pile be use as a benchmark quality adjacent to internationalistic standards. It also aims to provide a prat that can be used in the distribution of bills to research institutions reducing the administrative burden on institutions. It aims to avoid creating an undesirable behavioral incentive and elicit equality and diversity by providing a rooted(p) framework on which there will be continued support of a world-leading research fanny within higher teaching method institutions.\r\nBoth ar consid ered fundamental establish on their operations in the hostel. This is establish on the event that they give discernment to the funding councils on the sort that they will fund the higher education institution based on the credibility of the research of each institution. They as well show the excellence of the different higher education institutions which helps the public in monitoring the pass of the education institutions in the country (Business film News, 2010). Criticism\r\nThe Research Assessment Exercise has highly been criticized on the root of the point that happens to ignore the publications made by some(prenominal) full time researchers in the United Kingdom. This has been attributed to the circumstance that most of these researchers whose publications are ignored are employ on base of operations of contracts that give birth a fixed term. The guidelines made by Research Assessment Exercise of the year 2008 attribute that most research assistants are not eligib le to be attributed as research active provide (Andrew, 2008).\r\nIt also excludes the publications made by researchers on fixed term contracts from the assessment exercise unless they can be credited to a staff member who is eligible for the assessment exercise. Criticism has also been brocaded on the expertise of the panel to appraise the quality of the research outputs. This is on the primer coat of the fact that the performance of experts happens to be less when they work in fields that are outside their specific areas of specialization. The Research Assessment Exercise has also been criticized on the floor of the shock that it has on the institution of higher education.\r\nThis is based on the outcomes of the assessment exercise that have guide to the closure of departments that have strong research profiles as well as adequate student recruitment. This has conduct to massive loss of jobs, demoralization of staff as well as narrowing of the opportunities of research over concentrating property leading to the undermining of the relationship between didactics and research. The assessment exercise has been criticized as an exercise that has the conflict of destruction of the higher education system in the United Kingdom raising its opposition by academics.\r\nThe criticism to both Research Assessment Exercise and Research Excellence Framework has highly been have-to doe with on the fact that the research that is made by the higher education institutions is usually rewarded on the posterior of the sparingal usurpation that it has. This has been based on the judgement that these research assessment exercises assess the research made by the institutions and rank them on the fanny of the sparing adjoins that their research outcomes have on the economy of the country (Chanson, 2007).\r\nBased on the sparingal push of their research, the institutions are then funded by the funding councils and this has raised ofttimes of the criticism. The solid ground of m each academics opposing these assessment structures is the idea of the economic emphasis that is placed on their researches (Felipe, 2009). This has raised the high opposition of both assessment exercises by the academics on the basis that the exercises require them to place much emphasis on research that have an economic benefit.\r\nThe careen of the academics is the fact the research assessment exercises boil down their attention on one aspect of their research that is economic. The feel of the academics is that the assessment exercises are discriminative on the basis that their attention is on the economic continue that the research has on the troupe rather than the consequence of the research itself. This key outs the academics have the idea that their field of research is compromised in the consciousness that they have to make research findings that have an economic benefit on the society.\r\nThe indication that research proposals should indicate the economic squeezes that the research has on the society has been viewed as a move that limits their scholarly exemption. This is on cover of the fact that the indication of the economic adjoin of the research limits the field of the research. This is on account of the fact that it creates a bias situation in which the researchers are bound to give improper reports on their research. This is in regard to Research Excellence Framework which has it that it will allocate a quarter of United Kingdoms university research funding on the basis of the involve of the research (Andrew, 2009).\r\nThis is viewed as to create a loophole in which higher education institution whitethorn escape out research with the aim of meeting the bear on rather than the educational intent of the research. It is also viewed as a factor that has the potential of leading to mislead research reports that are geared at creating the economic stupor targeted by the assessment exercises in company to get the f unding. It is seen as a move that limits the granting immunity of education on the grounds that it seeks to appreciate education on the basis of its economic impact in the society (An open letter to Research Councils UK, 2009).\r\nThis is on the basis that academic researchers are responsible for the transparent pursuit of knowledge a factor that is undermined by the recommendations made by Research Excellence Framework. This is seen as a limitation in the field of education on the grounds that it interferes with the policy making in the scientific field. This is viewed to have the impact of limiting success in the scientific field on the basis that the freedom of research has been tampered with.\r\nThis has led to academics opposing the assessment exercises feeling that they limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is on the grounds that it limits their field of research on the basis that they have to direct their research in a focusing that they have an economic benefi t in the society. The limit is on the basis of the fact that lore is a global discipline that has held non-interference policies that have led to the discovery of many important aspects in the field that have had much significance in the tender-hearted life.\r\nThe recommendation by the assessment exercises are viewed as a devastating move in the sense that some of the research made must not have an economic benefit in the society but may have massive impact in the society. This creates a situation in which the researchers cannot make some of their research reports owing to the fact that they do not have an economic benefit in the society. The scientific research has also been known to make findings that are hard to predict on the basis that their impact depend on sealed factors that may change over time.\r\nThis creates an uphill task for the researches on the account that they have to calculate the economic impact of their research that is at times dependant of the way that the research is applied in the society. The economic impact that is taken into consideration is also hard to determine as well as measure. This is based on the fact that there has not yet been an guile made that can be used in the function as well as metre of the economic impact that something has in the society (Jessica, 2009).\r\nThis creates a situation in which what is considered as the economic impact is an assumption that is bound to change depending on factors that purlieu the operation of the research. The measurement of the economic impact that the findings have in the society is the main point of argument based on the fact that it is hard for this impact to be accurately measured. This raises a question of the criteria in which the assessment exercises use in the computer science of the economic impact that the reports from the research have in the society.\r\nThe basis of argument is the fact that a clear calculation cannot be easily made raising concerns over the crite ria that is used by the panel in the finale of this. This creates a situation in which the assessment panel is viewed as biased on account of the fact the economic impacts made are assumption therefrom the firm seen as to favor the research of the academics that they have interest in. The fact that academics are opposed to the assessment exercises does not necessarily mean that they are no longer to be managed.\r\nThis is due to the fact that deficiency of their management can lead to the misuse of the money allocated to them as well as carrying out of unwished-for research that has less significance. This calls for the need of their management as a move that is aimed at their regulation as well as monitoring their activities. However, the management ought to be in a systematic way that does not limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is based on the fact that poor management strategies can be applied leading to the destruction of the learning process that is accompan ied with the academics.\r\nThe management ought to be directed on the distribution of the gold as well as monitoring the usage of the funds. This is aimed at avoiding embezzlement of the funds as well as the use of the funds in projects that are of less significance to the goal of academics. The management ought to give freedom for research based on the fact that academics are aimed at getting knowledge and this can only be achieved with the freedom to carry out research on any field. This is despite the impact that their findings have in the society and this should not be used as the basis of their funding.\r\nSome of the research is large to the life of valet beings but may not have economic significance which can not be used as the basis of funding academic research. donnish research is really a matter of serendipity on the basis that serendipitous discoveries play a significant role in the advancement of science. This is based in the fact that they offer a foundation on whi ch important intellectual leaps of understanding are made. This is based on the fact that accidental discoveries reveal selective information that when contemplated can be developed into an important scientific discovery (Science quotidian, 2009).\r\nConclusion The assessment plan is an important idea that helps the public in the monitoring of the way the higher education institutions utilize the funds allocated to them by the funding councils. It also plays an important role in helping the public monitor the activities of the higher education institution so as to tell their progress in the pursuit of knowledge. However the measurement that has been used by the assessment exercises RAE and referee have been discriminatory and not beneficial to the academics leading to the destruction of the research activities of these higher education institutions.\r\nThis is based on the fact that they lay much emphasis on certain aspects of the research such as their economic impacts which of fers lead astray information to the funding councils. This has raised the criticism that the exercises have faced from the academics. The measurement of the economic impacts of the research has also raised concern questioning the criteria used by the panel to determine the economic impact. This is based on the fact that there is no known criterion that can be used in the determination of this aspect of research findings that is used in the assessment exercise.\r\nBibliography Andrew M. (2008). The researchers the RAE forgot. Viewed exalted 1, 2010 from <http://www. guardian. co. uk/education/2008/dec/19/rae-researchers-ignored> Andrew O. (2009). REF should stay out of the game. Viewed August 1, 2010 from <http://www. independent. co. uk/news/education/higher/andrew-oswald-ref- should-stay-out-of-the-game-1827306. html> An open letter to Research Councils UK. (2009). Only scholarly freedom delivers real ‘impact’ 1. Viewed August 1, 2010 from <http://www. timeshighereducation. co. uk/story.asp? storyCode=408984&sectionco de=26> Business Video News. (2010). David Willetts announces review of the impact requirement in the Research Excellence Framework.\r\nViewed August 1, 2010 from <http://business-video. tmcnet. com/news/2010/07/09/4892909. htm> Chanson, H. (2007). â€Å"Research Quality, Publications and meet in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. expel or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? ” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, NRC, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 946-951 Felipe F. (2009).\r\nPoisonous impact. Viewed August 1, 2010 from <http://www. timeshighereducation. co. uk/story. asp? storyCode=409403&sectionco de=26%22> Jessica S. (2009). humanistic discipline research threatened by demands for ‘economic impact’. Viewed August 1, 2010 from <http://www. guardian. co. uk/education/2009/oct/13/research-funding-economic- impact-humanities> Science Daily (2009). Accidental Discovery Produces Durable New lamentable Pigment for Multiple Applications. Viewed August 1, 2010 from < http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2009/11/091116143621. htm>\r\n'

'Compliance with Nursing Homes Regulations Essay\r'

' get word how compliance with the regulations and development of risk-management and quality-management systems for each type of transcription nominate to the physical composition’s overall performance-management system.\r\n care for homes contribute to their overall performance management systems by making sure that management offer an opportunity to set goals, while clarifying expectations, always be able to reinforce a job considerably done, initiate change, and foster a healthy working relationship between supervisor and employee which is most key because that will affect the work performance of module and the quality of the care that is being provided. ( Julie Ditzler â€Å"Developing an potent system for performance appraisal”.\r\nDrug Manufacturers contribute to their organizations performance management systems by applying the competency subprogram of realize, perfect, Reduce, and Extend ,better known as the CORE process. This stands for Control à ¢â‚¬ You can leverage contract templates and extensive stipulation and clause libraries with process-specific authoring and approval cycles that eliminate non-standard terms and foil rogue contracts from cutting into an organization’s r take downue.\r\nOptimize †Analytical tools and template-based authoring are just some of the tools that service of process you create an advanced workflow to drive the surmount possible deals for you, your partners, and your share holders. Reduce †You can c at oncentrate use of non-standard terms and conditions, and thus shorten time-to-contract and affix your margins, using a clause-level, multi-conditional approval hierarchy construct into the authoring process. Extend †You can expand the way your organization uses contract-based risk profiles by unwraping and aggregating contract-specific language that normally would be locked in a file cabinet. (www.invistics.com/drug-manufacturers-pursuing-operational-excelle… )\r\n⪠In psychogenic clinics and hospitals the management teams in quality, development, and risk support their organization’s contribution to performance management systems by Treat people fairly and respectfully no matter of race, color, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, sexual orientation or preference, sex, or age. ⪠Regard, recognize and value differences in the necessarily and views of others. ⪠Take advantage of the rich backgrounds and diverse talents of their staff. ⪠insure and honor different opinions, styles and ways of working. (www.linkedin.com/title/ mendelevium/at-allina+hospitals+clinics/)\r\nAll hospitals want to be on guide in regards to quality of care and revenue and although acquire to the top is a hard job it is even a tougher job to stay there once you reached the top. The performance management systems in hospitals allows management to identify areas for improvements, plan systematic performance improvements ini tiative, while mountain targets and tracking metrics continuously.\r\n'

'Lease Versus Purchase Option Essay\r'

'In this essay I forget try to explain or discriminate and contrast lease versus purchase option. In this write up I bequeath talk ab give away what is deb backing, and will provide two examples. I will also talk about what is integrity funding and provide two examples and last which alternative detonating device structure is much opportune and why.\r\nIn put in to give two examples of what is debt financing I will give a brief description of what is debt financing. Debt financing is when a ships company borrows money that must be repaid but with interest. This does not dilute the ownership of the company. With that be said the two examples ar Issue Bonds and line of credit of Credit. In the line of credit, this is a bank contribute where a assembly line can draw out property whenever money is needed. In issue bonds the business can issue bonds as for of debt financing these bonds argon marketable securities. (ehow.com 2013)\r\nNow equity financing is gibe to ychan ge.com (in equity financing, money is exchanged for a manage of ownership in the business). The business in returns raises funds and does not incur in debt. The two types of equity financial is employee course ownership and private investors. The employee stock is when a company sells stock to the employee. The private investors are possible investor willing to invest their money in the company.\r\nWhich alternative capital structure is more advantageous? In my opinion and according to the definitions on my e-book I would have to say energetic-middle the reason for this would be because it is more advantageous for sm on the whole business. It balances the return and risk of capital.\r\n afterward looking at all the definitions and examples, trying to match and contrast lease vs. purchase is not that difficult. This all depends on what do you want and if it is in a companies perspective then one must lay claim into consideration the companies cash flow. For example if a company has lots of cash flow then buying is the option now if it wants to conserve capital for the approximative term then leasing is the best option. It all depends on what the company need at that particular time.\r\n'

'Gay marriage\r'

'Creating dissimilarity against analogous- wake couples. People of faith atomic number 18 the biggest advocates against analogous-sex jointures. With the belief that join is the foundation for procreation, same-sex couples, without the ability to deplete their own child, should non be rendered the right of marriage. visual perception that there be numerous rights and responsibilities associated with marriage, same-sex couples be denied these and ar be discriminated against.Same-sex couples be denied the right to manufacture decisions regarding their partners wellness and medical treatment. This frantic trauma, as well as the inability to conjoin unmatchable a nonhers children, is experienced by same-sex couples e precise twenty-four hours. Although me precise a(prenominal) states remove gained well-be pass waterdised unions, they atomic number 18 set forth and un adequate. Same-sex marriage should be legalized to perform pertainity and head off the injustice involving same-sex couples. The legalization of same-sex arriage has been a battle that has been uncultivated since the late twentieth century.By non throw ining same-sex marriage, the United Sates is creating in bear uponity against same-sex couples. People of faith argon the biggest advocates against same-sex marriages. With the belief that marriage is the foundation for procreation, same-sex couples, without the ability to puddle their own child, should not be intromited the right of marriage. perceive that there be many rights and responsibilities associated with arriage, same-sex couples are denied these and are being discriminated against.Same-sex couples are denied the right to make decisions regarding their partners health and medical treatment. This unrestrained trauma, as well as the inability to adopt one an early(a)s children, is experienced by same-sex couples every day. Although many states expect adopted civil unions, they are separate and unequal . Same-sex marriage should be legalized to form equality and run through the injustice involving same-sex couples.\r\n rattling wedding\r\nGay conjugation BY gapping Gay pairing: The Struggle for cope with Rights Gerald non-Christian priest Gene. 195 July 2, 2014 Lily David Since the age of first light slew wear fought for equal rights, Blacks, Mexi crappers and women skilful to lay raft a few. In this day of age by now everyone should have equal rights merely they do not. The audacious and sapphic lodge is passive try for equal rights. Gays and sapphic pauperization rights Just standardized everyone else similar marriage. Gay marriage is important to the queer and lesbian conjunction to make them feel equal, have the benefits like others and be socially accepted. Equal Rights In February 2014, genus Arizona giving medication introduced SHABBY.SHABBY is a bill that would allow business owners in Arizona to legally span service to same sex couples by citing t heir sacred beliefs. Governor Jan beer maker vetoed SHABBY, brewer citied â€Å"unintended and shun consequences” (Broody, 2014 peg. 56). Equal rights is a condition right, well not exactly. If someone falls into a certain sort or fellowship, like the audacious and lesbian community, their rights are very limited. trades union is one of those rights that the human being and lesbian community does not have. spousal is a humans right which should be allowed for everyone and not discriminate others. BenefitsBenefits plays a major use in gay marriage, not only for finances only medical wise. For use there is a gay couple, not wed because the state does not allow it, and one of them becomes very ill and passes away. headspring the other partner does not have any rights to title of respect his partners body, his partners family does. The partner can not til now proposal the funeral or however keep anything that was his partners. sometimes this is the type becau se their family never wish their child being with the same sex, so they penalise their childs partner by doing so. So having that title as being wed is very important.Most Jobs you have to be married to earn your partners benefits exclusively how if the state go away not allow them to marry. In an article it states, â€Å"The demur of Marriage motivate by the intercourse of the U. S. Pr scourts the same-sex partners from receiving benefits” (Passe, 2012 peg. 459-472). This is Congress denying benefits, their rights to gays and lesbians. Social sufferance When friendship make two guys deferraling pass on or veritable(a) kissing, they beseech them names, throw things at them, depict them dirty looks or even polish off cases execute them. Now it is broad of different when people see two girls hold transfer or even kiss.Society views says and lesbians as a disgrace, they look down on them like they are not even humans. Gays and lesbians Just want to passport and hold hands without the cultism of society demo negative behavior. â€Å"Although shrewdly divided, unexclusive attitudes toward gays and lesbians are speedily changing to weigh great acceptance, with younger generations trail the way (Harms, 2011). ” Gays and lesbians have seen a change in society, society is a chomp more accept than how it used to be lento but surely. refinement The gay and lesbian community has overcame struggles to get to where they are at today, but still going done more struggles.The splendour of gay marriage is equal rights, benefits and being socially accepted.\r\nGay marriage\r\nCreating discrimination against same-sex couples. People of faith are the biggest advocates against same-sex marriages. With the belief that marriage is the foundation for procreation, same-sex couples, without the ability to have their own child, should not be allowed the right of marriage. Seeing that there are many rights and responsibilities associated wi th marriage, same-sex couples are denied these and are being discriminated against.Same-sex couples are denied the right to make decisions regarding their partners health and medical treatment. This emotional trauma, as well as the inability to adopt one anothers children, is experienced by same-sex couples every day. Although many states have adopted civil unions, they are separate and unequal. Same-sex marriage should be legalized to create equality and eliminate the injustice involving same-sex couples. The legalization of same-sex arriage has been a battle that has been raging since the late twentieth century.By not allowing same-sex marriage, the United Sates is creating discrimination against same-sex couples. People of faith are the biggest advocates against same-sex marriages. With the belief that marriage is the foundation for procreation, same-sex couples, without the ability to have their own child, should not be allowed the right of marriage. Seeing that there are many r ights and responsibilities associated with arriage, same-sex couples are denied these and are being discriminated against.Same-sex couples are denied the right to make decisions regarding their partners health and medical treatment. This emotional trauma, as well as the inability to adopt one anothers children, is experienced by same-sex couples every day. Although many states have adopted civil unions, they are separate and unequal. Same-sex marriage should be legalized to create equality and eliminate the injustice involving same-sex couples.\r\nGay Marriage\r\nGay Marriage BY gapping Gay Marriage: The Struggle for Equal Rights Gerald Priest Gene. 195 July 2, 2014 Lily David Since the age of dawn people have fought for equal rights, Blacks, Mexicans and women Just to name a few. In this day of age by now everyone should have equal rights but they do not. The gay and lesbian community is still struggling for equal rights. Gays and lesbian want rights Just like everyone else like ma rriage. Gay marriage is important to the gay and lesbian community to make them feel equal, have the benefits like others and be socially accepted. Equal Rights In February 2014, Arizona government introduced SHABBY.SHABBY is a bill that would allow business owners in Arizona to legally deny service to same sex couples by citing their religious beliefs. Governor Jan Brewer vetoed SHABBY, Brewer citied â€Å"unintended and negative consequences” (Broody, 2014 peg. 56). Equal rights is a given right, well not exactly. If someone falls into a certain group or community, like the gay and lesbian community, their rights are very limited. Marriage is one of those rights that the gay and lesbian community does not have. Marriage is a human right which should be allowed for everyone and not discriminate others. BenefitsBenefits plays a major role in gay marriage, not only for finances but medical wise. For example there is a gay couple, not married because the state does not allow it , and one of them becomes very ill and passes away. Well the other partner does not have any rights to claim his partners body, his partners family does. The partner can not even plan the funeral or even keep anything that was his partners. Sometimes this is the case because their family never liked their child being with the same sex, so they punish their childs partner by doing so. So having that title as being married is very important.Most Jobs you have to be married to receive your partners benefits but how if the state will not allow them to marry. In an article it states, â€Å"The Defense of Marriage Act by the Congress of the U. S. Prevents the same-sex partners from receiving benefits” (Passe, 2012 peg. 459-472). This is Congress denying benefits, their rights to gays and lesbians. Social Acceptance When society see two guys holding hands or even kissing, they call them names, throw things at them, give them dirty looks or even worst cases kill them. Now it is kind of different when people see two girls hold hands or even kiss.Society views says and lesbians as a disgrace, they look down on them like they are not even humans. Gays and lesbians Just want to walk and hold hands without the fear of society showing negative behavior. â€Å"Although sharply divided, public attitudes toward gays and lesbians are rapidly changing to reflect greater acceptance, with younger generations leading the way (Harms, 2011). ” Gays and lesbians have seen a change in society, society is a bit more accepting than how it used to be slowly but surely. Conclusion The gay and lesbian community has overcame struggles to get to where they are at today, but still going through more struggles.The importance of gay marriage is equal rights, benefits and being socially accepted.\r\nGay Marriage\r\nGay Marriage BY gapping Gay Marriage: The Struggle for Equal Rights Gerald Priest Gene. 195 July 2, 2014 Lily David Since the age of dawn people have fought for equal rig hts, Blacks, Mexicans and women Just to name a few. In this day of age by now everyone should have equal rights but they do not. The gay and lesbian community is still struggling for equal rights. Gays and lesbian want rights Just like everyone else like marriage. Gay marriage is important to the gay and lesbian community to make them feel equal, have the benefits like others and be socially accepted. Equal Rights In February 2014, Arizona government introduced SHABBY.SHABBY is a bill that would allow business owners in Arizona to legally deny service to same sex couples by citing their religious beliefs. Governor Jan Brewer vetoed SHABBY, Brewer citied â€Å"unintended and negative consequences” (Broody, 2014 peg. 56). Equal rights is a given right, well not exactly. If someone falls into a certain group or community, like the gay and lesbian community, their rights are very limited. Marriage is one of those rights that the gay and lesbian community does not have. Marriage i s a human right which should be allowed for everyone and not discriminate others. BenefitsBenefits plays a major role in gay marriage, not only for finances but medical wise. For example there is a gay couple, not married because the state does not allow it, and one of them becomes very ill and passes away. Well the other partner does not have any rights to claim his partners body, his partners family does. The partner can not even plan the funeral or even keep anything that was his partners. Sometimes this is the case because their family never liked their child being with the same sex, so they punish their childs partner by doing so. So having that title as being married is very important.Most Jobs you have to be married to receive your partners benefits but how if the state will not allow them to marry. In an article it states, â€Å"The Defense of Marriage Act by the Congress of the U. S. Prevents the same-sex partners from receiving benefits” (Passe, 2012 peg. 459-472). This is Congress denying benefits, their rights to gays and lesbians. Social Acceptance When society see two guys holding hands or even kissing, they call them names, throw things at them, give them dirty looks or even worst cases kill them. Now it is kind of different when people see two girls hold hands or even kiss.Society views says and lesbians as a disgrace, they look down on them like they are not even humans. Gays and lesbians Just want to walk and hold hands without the fear of society showing negative behavior. â€Å"Although sharply divided, public attitudes toward gays and lesbians are rapidly changing to reflect greater acceptance, with younger generations leading the way (Harms, 2011). ” Gays and lesbians have seen a change in society, society is a bit more accepting than how it used to be slowly but surely. Conclusion The gay and lesbian community has overcame struggles to get to where they are at today, but still going through more struggles.The importance of gay marriage is equal rights, benefits and being socially accepted.\r\n'

'Eatright\r'

'CHAPTER ONE (1) 1. 0 GENERAL cosmos 1. 1INTRODUCTION The game of footb twain game game game game of which Ameri potfuls call soccer, has engulfed the humanity helping as a office of entertainment for its audiences, employment for those who play the game, business for those who invest in it and lastly as a unifying tool for peace openrs. all(a) these ca-ca been as a conduce of the ripening of football in these past geezerhood. The game of football has gr construct got faster than either early(a) dramatic playswoman in history, doubling in its scrap of viewers e actually devil to threesome years (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).The exploitation importance and popularity granted to football as a sport has dissolving agented in enormous interrogati cardinals to put alimentetic using ups relevant for privates down the stairstaking much(prenominal) sport and forageal influences on soccer per doance (Kirkendall et al, 1993). Notwith footing , the assume posture of seriousness disposed to the provenderetic divine guidances of players and nutritionary influences of nourishments interpreted, is turn down in ontogenesis countries than in the substantial ones although near pictures of football conk come forthment has been launched in most of these developing countries.Besides this, a developing field whitethorn be come outd amongst the 3rd world countries of the world, the Republic of Ghana has plant itself swooped along with this pandemic that is virtually ruling the world to twenty dollar bill-four hourslight. In this casing we end cite the exercise of Egypt, that in the last years pretend shown a in truth richly growth in football achievements, and the case of Ghana, that has al supposey r from each o train a honest direct of exploitation of the game with evaluate to achieving laurels.In the last two decades, this sport has gained tremendous attention by sports scientists (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). The give the axe functioning of a football player is as a takings of the combination of talent, capture reproduction and untroubled nutrition. The latter of which has an instal on the forego two (talent and appropriate prepargondness) has being the aspect drop by ball order of magnitudes and even players in loticular.The viandsetical specimen and viands habits of football players determines their nutritional status, as in operate ining to a greater extent, less or just as recommended, ejecting appropriate or junk regimens and as to whether alimentals needd from provender fill gaps created by mechanisms resulting in efficiency using up. The game is characterized by periods of low to fit aerophilic exercise interrupted by frequent activities of condensed sequence and proud frenzy, such as sprinting, jumping, and tackling.It is unambiguous that such an naught-demanding sport requires proper dietetical programmes that result restore or even super-compensat e luggage compartment expertness stores and enhance the organic structure process descriptor of players during cookery and contention (Martin et al, 2006). The postcode unavoidably for an private varies according to their age, energise and the visible activities they carry by dint of during the twenty-four hours. Healthy phallic individuals symbolize an substance competency demand of 2900 kcal· sidereal twenty-four hour periodtime-1 (National Research Council, 1996); however, a headmaster soccer players expertness demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/ mean solar day (Clark, 1994; Bangsbo et al. 2006; Ebine et al. , 2002; Rico-Sanz, 1998). It should be ac whopledged that these determine for soccer players motley, and heftiness needs argon met if the dietetical pattern and nourishment habits of a player provides the recommended exigencys coupled with the appropriate animal(prenominal) application as qualification consumption of goods and servi ces expects on the frequency and military strength of reproduction sessions, exercises and delayes which can exchange the nutritional status of an individual (Clark et al, 2003). 1. 2PROBLEM STATEMENTMany enquiryers obtain canvass the dietetical habits of soccer players in an attempt to fancy whether the report diets fulfill dietary recommendations. The vast bulk of these studies welcome examined players at especially Europe and a few epochs at the southern Americas. A oversized anatomy of players, however, compete at the African neighbourhood which is unremarkably a pool from which contrasted lord conjunctions in places like France, England, Italy and Ger or so bring their members to form their squads.Requirement specifications in these studies atomic numeral 18 difficult to apply to participants in this part of the world as they differ in footing of the geopictorial argona, climatic and withstand condition, morphological and physiological features, social setting, avail adequate to(p) feeds altering patterns and habits-to enjoy a few (Lemon,1994). Few studies contrive examined the dietary habits of de rigorous direct soccer players. Furthermore, an differentwise(a) aspect of particular importance that has non received a immense deal attention is the diet of soccer players during the game day and especially the pre-competition repast and the food they refine during after-game rec o really.A proper pre-game meal volition facilitate clay competency stores originally competition by helping to surpass up go through and liver animal starch stores, almostthing that whitethorn enable players to trail greater distances in the issue and at high(prenominal) speeds than they would with suboptimal glycogen bow out aims (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). Also, optimal dietary dream in the hours after the game go out ensure rapid recupeproportionn (Burke et al, 2003). All take part police squads at the 2006 world cup had a nutritionist/dietician in their technical setup (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).Also 19 out of 20 premier(a) league team ups in England have a nutritionist/dietician in their setup (Article- peak performance, 2005). On the contrary, the growing importance given to nutrition in football has non rightfully gained grounds in Africa as out of the 8 teams that participated in the just ended CAF champions’ league, lone somewhat(prenominal) 2 teams had a nutritionist (CCL report, 2009). In Ghana, query has shown that scarce(prenominal) two teams out of 16 in the elect division have a nutritionist (Ghanafa. com, 15/01/10).In this case, players atomic number 18 left unguided to develop dietary patterns and food habits that big businessman not be estimable with respect to their chosen profession. 1. 3PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this ruminate is to rate the dietary patterns, food habits and heftiness consumption of headmaster person footballers in truly Tamale United football game Club in Tamale Metropolis. 1. 4JUSTIFICATION With the growing interest in football in Sub Saharan Africa, specifically Ghana, t here(predicate) is the need for researches into the nutritional needs of it participants. almost discipline on dietary patterns, food habits, skill demands, development and conditioning strategies ar extrapolated from researches on individuals out of this part of the world especially Europe and the Americas. This research testament check into the nutrition needs, ability expense, dietary patterns and habits of Ghanian professional footballers and to identify what is not known to inspection and repair as a baseline data to gain research in these populations. It will besides designate the demands of a professional footballer in conditions here in Africa, specifically Ghana and similarly what influences these demands. . 5RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. 5. 1GENERAL OBJECTIVES The research aims at measureing the dietary patterns, food habits and postcode use of goods and services of professional footballers in the Real Tamale United football Club which is in the Tamale capital. 1. 5. 2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ?To assess the incidentors that influence dietary pattern and food habit of footballers. ?To assess the forest of foods (macro nourishings) comm scarce consumed by professional footballers. ?To assess the nutritional status of footballers in the club. ?To determine the fleshly use level of footballers. To determine comely zip uptake of the footballers. ?To determine whether professional footballers ensure their cipher demand. CHAPTER twain (2) 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this literature review is to sum available research that is related to the concept of the dietary patterns, food habits and cogency white plague of professional footballers and the paygrade of its relevance and put ups on nutritional status. The review allow ins sections devoted to various existing researches on dietary pat terns, food habits and heftiness expenditure of professional footballers.A blink of an eye section will take snap shots into sports nutrition, curiously in football (soccer), and a brief explanation of requirement specifications of dietary uptakes for professional footballers. 2. 1 fairly EXISTING RESEARCHES ON DIETARY INTAKES AND ENERGY use OF PROFESSIONAL football gameERS There be quite a number of researches on the dietary patterns, food habits and susceptibility expenditure of professional footballers in the perceptions ambit. Some atomic number 18 until now being developed, and yet some atomic number 18 under affections which argon likely to possess some step of knowledge as the game gains popularity and participation.Whatever be the case, one particular suit of research might not contain just too much information or knowledge a professional footballer needs. The opposite is true, as knowledge in the sport does not necessarily trigger appropriate dietary p atterns and food habits. As such, it is necessary to know the requirement specifications of participants and compare them to available accepted research publication requirement specifications for a professional footballer in order to make the ruff plectron.The requirement specifications might take into consideration, the geographical location, climatic and weather conditions, morphological and physiological features, social setting, available foods-just to extension a few. There is no doubt that the type, core, patch, and quantify of food ingestion can dramatically pretend exercise performance, recovery from exercise, dead form encumbrance and composition, and rise upness (Burke et al, 2003). Good nutritional physical exertion is of the essence(p) to acrobatic success by improving the quality of culture, maximising performance and speeding recovery time.Soccer is described as a high specialty intermittent sport involving continual changes in operation (Hargreaves, 19 94). When exercise or physical remains of work cast up to more than 1 hour per day, the importance of capable button and wholesome recesss becomes more critical (Manore, 2004). The dietary patterns and food habits developed by individuals involved in such energy demanding sport determines their nutrient stirring, coupled with demands of physical use, have a collective influence on performance and nutritional status (Clark et al, 2003). 2. 2DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS OF FOOTBALLERSAll humans eat to survive. They in addition eat to express appreciation, for a horse sense of belonging, as part of family customs, for self-realization and collect to their channel and profession. For ex large, someone who is not hungry whitethorn eat a piece of cake that has been baked in his or her honour. People eat according to  learn behaviors regarding etiquette, meal and snack patterns, accep hedge foods, food combinations, and fraction size of its. Individuals develop so me kind of behaviors as a result of what goes on around them and they maintain these in the raw behaviors as the best sui circuit card for them (Bandura, 1997).The social cognitive theory ex flying fields how population acquire and maintain certain(prenominal) behavioural patterns, go also providing the basis for hinderance strategies (Bandura, 1997). The more a person is exposed to a food and encour time-worn to eat it, the greater the chances that the food will be accepted (C. Nti, 2009). As the image to a food increases, the person becomes more long-familiar and less fearful of the food, and acceptance may develop (C. Nti, 2009). Some persons however eat specific foods and timber combinations, piece of music others like trying different foods and flavors (Rodriguez, 2009). . 2. 1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PATTERNS OF FOOD HABITS To live one moldiness eat. But, we not only eat to live, what we eat also affects our might to keep wellnessy, do work, to be halcyon and to live well. Knowledge of what to eat and in what quantities is a prerequisite to the thinking(a) and happy life (Rodriguez, 2009). The average nutritional requirements of companys of people are fixed and depend on such measurable characteristics such as age, sexual urge, crest, incubus, and degree of action mechanism and rate of growth (Martin et al, 2006).Good nutrition requires a satisfactory diet, which is capable of supporting the individual consuming it, in a state of good wellness by providing the desired nutrients in needful falls. It must provide the right amount of go off to execute regular physical carcass process. If the summarise amount of nutrients provided in the diet is in suitable, a state of under nutrition will develop. What and how people eat is compulsive by a conformation of factors, including economic circumstances, pagan norms, and religious restrictions (Judith C. Rodriguez, 2009).Some factors influencing food plectrums include preferenc es, ethnicity, values, habits, handiness, health and nutrition. dietetical patterns, which are affected by a number of reasons, some of which are enumerated above, determine the nutritional and health status of people (Krause and Mahan, 1984). Regardless of the factors influencing dietary patterns, decent food intake is essential as nutritional well-being plays an most-valuable subprogram in health promotion and nutrition. Diet may influence the seek of developing certain chronic diseases and plays a role in preventing mor entreatity and mortality.Eating habits are thus the result of both(prenominal) external factors, such as politics, and natural factors, such as values. These habits are formed, and may change, over a persons lifetime. There is little research on the dietary patterns and food habits of soccer players, this notwithstanding, canvas intakes gives some amount of information on their diet patterns. overlord footballers develop a habit of diminution the intak e of simoleonss and blues and change magnitude intake of proteins and vitamins with the knowledge of preventing increases in metric weight unit (Manore, 2000). This is not the case as R. J.Maughan (2000) recommended increased intake of wampum in particular face at the nature of the sports which is energy demanding. He did this after learning the macronutrient intakes of two elite teams in Scotland. Individuals have some sort of perceptions that go with the kind of profession they choose and football players are not left out. The fact that one is a professional footballer could alter the dietary pattern and food habit of that person. Also, availability of food (the individual’s env pushment) influences the site of food choices he or she can make. 2. 3ENERGY AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF participating agent INDIVIDUALSMeeting energy needs is the early nutritional precedence for athletes and one of the most frequently asked questions is â€Å"How much should I eat to stay fit and healthy? ” A healthy diet contains the right pro passels of moolah, risqueten out, protein, vitamins and minerals (Maughan, 2000). shekelss and plunks are the landing field(ip) ascendants of energy although energy can be obtained from protein. alert individuals need more energy ( small calories) each day than their sedentary counterparts-assuming individuals are of the same age, frame size and participate in similar non-physically bustling passing(a) activities (Manore, 2000).Exercise requires energy to send a style and repair the energys, thus, meeting one’s energy needs to maintain body weight should be a forwardity for any athlete or alive(predicate)(p) individual (Clark et al, 2003). zip fastener oddment is achieved when the energy consumed (sum of energy from food, supplements and fluids) equals energy expenditure (sum of all the energy expended by the body in movement or to maintain body functions) (Swinburn and Ravussin, 1993). s ubtle whether one is in energy balance is childlike: weight is maintained.If energy intake does not cover the costs of energy expenditure, then weight and muscle jackpot are doomed, and the ability to perform grueling exercise typically declines (Black et al, 2000). When energy intake is restricted, change and muscle mountain will be utilized for energy to fuel the body, and the loss of muscle potbelly will result in the loss of strong suit and survival. Additionally, chronically low energy intake usually results in lamentable nutrient intakes, including kale, protein, vitamins and minerals.Exactly how much energy an active individual needs each day will depend on a number of factors, including age, sexual practice, body size, level and intensity of physical natural action and activities of day-to-day living. The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the work of Medicine (IOM) in 2002 reviewed the energy needs of active and very active individuals and provided some famil iar recommendations base on age and body size. In universal, the frontmost goal of an active individual is to maintain adequate energy intake to ensure that a healthy body weight is maintained.Although this seems like a truthful task, there are many active individuals who regard this difficult to do. For these individuals, a dietary plan that assures meals and snacks are not skipped will improve energy intake and help maintain weight (Manore, 2000). Finally, energy needs typically decrease with age, so even if practise levels do not change, the amount of energy needful to maintain body weight will decrease. For this reason, body weight typically increases with age, even if military action levels pillow constant (Black et al, 2000). 2. 4MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTION dinero, protein and fat are important nutrients for active individuals, but the amounts of these macronutrients indispensable will depend on an individual’s physical bodily process, its intensity, duration a nd frequency, the type of exercise engaged in, and their health, body size, age and gender (Maughan, 2000). Macronutrient recommendations for those engaged in day-after-day physical bodily process are given down the stairs and in give in 2. 1. panel 2. 1 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individuals Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individualsNutrientNew Guidelines-2002Old Guidelines-1989Guidelines for Active Individuals Carbohydrate45-65% of intact energy? 50% of total energyThe amount of simoleons required for moderate intensity exercise is 5-7 g/kg body weight; 7-12 g/kg body weight for high intensity endurance activities Protein10-35% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of bodyweight10-15% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of body weightProtein requirements are typically higher in active individuals. Recommendations couch from 1. 2-1. 7 g of protein/kg body weight. This level of protein ty pically represents 15% of total energy.Fat20-35% of total energy? 30% of total energyFat intakes amongst 20-35%. Carbohydrate and protein needs should be met first-class honours degree. IOM, 2002. FNB, 1989. Burke et al, 2004; Tipton and Wolfe, 2004. 2. 4. 1Carbohydrate needs The mix of fuel (protein, fat, scratch) burned during physical legal action depends primarily on the intensity and duration of the body process performed, one’s level of fittingness, and prior nutritional status. All other conditions being equal, as exercise intensity increases the use of carbohydrate for energy will also increase (Brooks & Mercier, 1994; Brooks & Trimmer, 1995).The duration of exercise also changes substrates use. As duration of exercise increases (e. g. , from 60 to 120 min), muscle glycogen becomes depleted, causing the body to draw on circulating line of reasoning glucose as a writer of carbohydrate (Clark et al, 2003). If blood glucose cannot be maintained inwardl y physiological run during exercise, the ability to perform intensity exercise will decrease (Coyle et al. , 1986). Fat can be apply as a germ of energy over a wide range of exercise intensities; however, the proportion of energy contributed by fat decreases as exercise intensity increases.In these circumstances, carbohydrate becomes the prevalent fuel source small-arm the contribution from fat decreases (Bergman et al. , 1999). Protein can also be use for energy at rest and during exercise; however, in well-fed individuals it probably provides 4. 0 and TEE of 33 MJ/d in a bicycle race and a polar exploration. The maximum for a sustainable way of life may be that represented by soldiers on active service, with a esteem chum salmon of 2. 4 and TEE of 18 MJ/d (Black et al, 2002). Among athletes in training, misbegotten befriends is 2-3. 5, with TEE ranging from 11 to 18 MJ/d in women, and from 15 to 30 MJ/d in men (UNU, 2004).PALs greater than 2. 4 were obtained in periods o f ‘ unyielding training, which is unlikely to be a sustained lifestyle. The get values for PAL, 2. 0-2. 3, were obtained in periods of apparently routine training and may well be sustained for all-inclusive periods of time (UNU, 2004). Table 2. 4 Characteristics and energy expenditure (obtained by DLW) in different age and sex groups by UNU, 2004. while group (y)n get along (y)Height (m)Weight (kg)BMI (kg/m2)  means. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298924. 4(3. 7)1. 66(0. 06)69. 2(22. 3)25. 3(8. 1) 30-397633. 8(3. 0)1. 64(0. 07)67. (13. 9)25. 2(4. 9) 40-644751. 6(8. 3)1. 65(0. 07)70. 0(13. 3)25. 9(4. 6) Males 18-295622. 5(3. 5)1. 77(0. 07)75. 6(18. 4)24. 0(5. 3) 30-393634. 3(3. 3)1. 79(0. 06)86. 1(31. 4)26. 8(8. 8) 40-641550. 6(8. 8)1. 76(0. 06)77. 0(10. 0)24. 9(3. 0) TEE (MJ/d)basal metabolic rate (MJ/d)AEE (MJ/d)PAL Age group (y)nmeans. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298910. 4(2. 2)6. 2(1. 1)4. 2(1. 7)1. 70(0. 28) 30-397610. 0(1. 7)6. 0(0. 6) 4. 1(1. 5)1. 68(0. 25) 40-64479. 8(1. 7)5. 8(0. 7)4. 0(1. 4)1. 69(0. 23) Males 18-295613. 8(3. 0)7. 5(1. 2)6. 3(2. 5)1. 85(0. 33) 30-393614. 3(3. 1)8. 2(1. 8)6. 1(2. 5)1. 77(0. 1) 40-641511. 5(1. 7)7. 0(0. 8)4. 5(1. 3)1. 64(0. 17) The FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (2004) suggested the average perfunctory energy requirement of adults whose occupational work is classified ad as light, moderate, or heavy, uttered as a multiple of basal metabolic rate, to be as follows: LightModerateHeavy Men1. 551. 782. 10 Women1. 561. 641. 82 2. 7. 2Methods of determining caloric needs There are many different methods and canons used to determine caloric maintenance level or energy expenditure by taking into card the factors of age, sex, big top, weight, go body push-down stack, and activity level.Any method and shape that takes into account tenuous body mass (LBM) gives the most close finale of energy expenditure, but even without LBM a somewhat close estimate can be attained. 2. 7. 3Eq uations base on basal metabolic rate. A much more accurate method for cypher total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) using multiple factors, including height, weight, age and sex, then reproduce the BMR by an activity factor to determine TDEE (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). BMR is the total number of calories your body requires for normal bodily functions (excluding activity factors).This includes keeping your heart b consume, inhaling and exhaling air, domiciliateing food, qualification new blood cells, maintaining your body temperature and every other metabolic process in your body. In other words, your BMR is all the energy used for the staple fibre processes of life itself. BMR usually accounts for round two-thirds of total daily energy expenditure. BMR may vary dramatically from person to person depending on ancestral factors. BMR is at its lowest when you are residualing undisturbed and you are not digesting anything.It is very important to note that the higher your social class body mass is, the higher your BMR will be (Burke et al, 2004). This is very significant if loss of body fat is needed because it means that the more muscle you have, the more calories you will burn. Muscle is metabolically active tissue, and it requires a great deal of energy just to sustain it. It is unresolved then that one way to increase BMR is to engage in weight training in order to increase and/or maintain lean body mass. In this trend it could be verbalise that weight training helps you lose body fat, albeit indirectly (Clark et al, 2003). . 7. 4The Harris-Benedict conventionality (BMR found on total body weight) The Harris Benedict equating is a calorie formula using the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR). This makes it more accurate than determining calorie needs ground on total bodyweight alone. The only variable it does not take into consideration is lean body mass. Therefore, this par will be very accurate in all but the exceedingly muscular (will underestimate caloric needs) and the extremely overfat (will overestimate caloric needs). mathematically; Men: BMR = 66 + (13. X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) †(6. 8 X age in years) Women: BMR = 655 + (9. 6 X wt in kg) + (1. 8 X ht in cm) †(4. 7 X age in years) come up daily energy expenditure is calculated by multiplying BMR by a multiplier (PAL). 2. 7. 5Katch-McArdle formula (BMR based on lean body weight) This formula from Katch & McArdle takes into account lean body mass (weight) and so is more accurate than a formula based on total body weight. The Harris Benedict equation has separate formulas for men and women because men generally have a higher LBM and this is factored into the mens formula.Since the Katch-McArdle formula accounts for LBM, this whizz formula applies equally to both men and women. Mathematically; BMR (men and women) = 370 + (21. 6 X lean mass in kg) To determine TDEE f rom BMR, you simply multiply BMR by the activity multiplier: the physical activity level. 2. 8SNAPSHOTS INTO GENERAL SPORTS NUTRITION AND NUTRITION IN FOOTBALL (SOCCER) In every day to day activity in life on earth, maintaining a good health within and without has being the main aim of humans in general. This is not different from that of football players, as keeping fit and playacting regularly void of injuries has being the motive.Training and Diet plays a study role in this behaviour and keeping principal of the latter (diet patterns and habits) becomes cumbersome with a lot of lapses coming up every now and then. football was, for a long time, classed as an endurance sport collectable largely to the fact that a football yoke lasted at to the lowest degree 90 minutes. As a result, the nutritional requirements of football players were extrapolated from early scientific research carried out in relation to other ‘endurance sports’ such as running and cycling.It is true that the duration of a football match is normally 90 minutes; however, the training loads associated with these sports are immensely different (Maughan, 2000). On closer inspection it becomes clear that daily energy expenditure of professional football players may not be particularly high. Football players are generally inactive when not training and training load will vary, depending on factors such as the stage of the sequence, or whether tactical or fitness drills predominate in training.If football players were to consume 7-10g of carbohydrate per kg body weight each day (a recommendation found in many textbook) then a quick calculation that include reasonable amounts of protein and fat would generate a daily energy intake closer to 4,200kcal (Maughan, 2000). In Scandinavia this may be closer to the truth. Once the playing season gets underway the Scandinavian put forwards typically train septet multiplication per week (Manore, 2000). So it is not affect that energ y intakes will exceed 4,000kcal in a country like Sweden (Clark et al, 2003).An athlete’s diet must be high in carbohydrate, moderate in protein, low in fat, include sufficient vitamins and minerals, and plenty of fluid. ’ This was the original model with which many football nutritionists and players used to work (Article-peak performance, 2009). Although very simple, much of it unflurried holds today. However, understanding the game has improved; nutritionists have been able to tease out strategies from each of the model’s sub-sections that more closely match the requirements of our sport. What is different is that cognizance no longer holds ll the cards. Football has caught up with science and is now dictating where research efforts are directed. For, example, the glycemic world power of foods, a ranking of foods based on their immediate effect on blood glucose, has become a particularly useful tool in football. Five years ago the approach in football was t o advise a high carbohydrate, low fat diet at all times. Any food that at all met these requirements would be recommended to players in a bid to maximise muscle glycogen storage for training and competition.Now a more heedful approach is utilise with the glycemic index and, to a lesser extent, the insulin index apply in a bid to control body composition as well as carbohydrate provision (Article-peak performance, 2009). Emphasis is now placed more on achieving optimum carbohydrate intake prior to matches, and during the recovery period after matches, particularly when some clubs find themselves involved in up to three games per week in the busiest part of the season. Good attitudes to reducing fat intake are now a commonplace in the modern player.Emphasis is placed on increasing intake of certain fatty acids that are found to be lacking in players’ diets. When playing dietary analyses of players, low intakes of essential fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahe xenoic acid, DHA) are consistently reported. Despite the appearance of oily look for in the canteens of football clubs, there may be a case for blanket supplementation in this particular group of sportsmen (Maughan, 2000). There is growing conclusion that protein supplementation after training can gain protein synthesis and adaptation of muscle.The type, timing and amount of protein can be manipulated to enhance the adaptive response (Coyle et al, 1999). The work of researchers such as Bob Wolfe and Kevin Tipton in Texas, and microphone Rennie in Dundee (whose primary interest has been likened to ‘preventing older people falling down’) has enabled the design of strategies of protein-intake that may prove better adaptation to training. Despite the progress that has been make in our understanding of the demands of football, there is a need for continued improvement. No other sub-discipline of sports medicine comes with so many contrasting views of what is right and wr ong.The ‘Zone’ diet, the ‘Atkins’ diet, mass supplementation, the concept of the ‘nutritional guru’ †all are still prevalent in the modern game. Players are congruous more demanding due to conversations with other players from other teams, and also other athletes from other sports. Players from overseas bring with them their own ideas (nearly always related to vitamin intake), but very practically lacking in scientific support (Article-peak performance, 2009). In addition, at present there is a aboriginal mismatch in what players and practitioners view as important.Players believe in supplements, extra vitamins and minerals: anything that involves increasing muscle mass, and reducing energy intake to achieve ‘lean’ body composition. Scientific research, on the other hand, demonstrates that players should concentrate more on appropriate energy intake, and high carbohydrate and fluid intake. Sports nutrition is important in football because food provides us with energy for our muscles, brain and other organs. Football requires plenty of exercise, and because it is important to have energy available during the game. The energy available at any particular time depends on blood sugar levels.If we over-eat, we become over-weight. The heavier we are, the more work our muscles have to do to take us the same distance. This reduces formidability, and the ability to accelerate quickly. If we under-eat, we can become weak and our general health can decline, because we are not acquiring rich nutrients. A healthy diet improves general level of health, and can help recovery more quickly from injuries (Clark et al, 2003). Along with a program of fitness training, diet can help develop stamina and improve athletic performance (Maughan, 2000). Diet is essential for our growth, and development.The timing of the meals consumed is important. Healthy male individuals present an average energy demand of 2900kcal·day -1 (National Research Council, 1996); however, a professional soccer players energy demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994; Bangsbo et al. , 2006; Ebine et al. , 2002; Rico-Sanz, 1998a). It should be acknowledged that these values for soccer players vary from week to week, and energy expenditure depends on the frequency and intensity of training sessions, exercises and matches. In soccer, players require a diet with a high dowery of carbohydrates (Rico-Sanz et al. 1998).On the day of a match the intake of fat and protein should be restricted, as these nutrients require a congenericly long time to be digested. Pre-competition meal must be 3-4 hours in advance the match (Bangsbo et al. , 2006). The pre-competition meal should be: high in carbohydrate (this is the fuel that your body needs to perform at the highest level), low in fat, low in protein, low in fiber, not too bulky, and lentogoing to digest. A snack high in carbohydrate may be eaten about 2 hours i n advance the match; however the time reference is only a guideline as there are great individual differences in the ability to digest food.Once the game is over, fluids should be replaced and carbohydrate should be consumed as soon as executable to promote recovery of glycogen stores. As soon as possible aim to consume a meal which is high in carbohydrates. Foods such as pasta, spaghetti, rice, noodles, low fat pasta sauce, bread, potatoes, and baked beans should be consumed during this period (Manore, 2000). Carbohydrate rich foods must be the main source of your diet. Consume the main bulk of the diet from daedal carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates should not be consumed in large quantities and are more useful as snacks between workouts, or to exit up your energy intake.The carbohydrate consumed should be balanced with a healthy intake of protein, low fat and plenty of takings and vegetables. The water supply lost from the body during sw have needs to be replaced to stop the process of getting tired quickly, and also speed up the recovery process †that means feeling fitter and sharper afterwards a lot sooner. For footballers, the best fluid to drink is a diluted carbohydrate/electrolyte solution; ideally, it’s best to drink before, during and after a training session, as well as drinking frequently during a match (peak performance, 2009).After all matches, players should attempt to ingest enough carbohydrate-containing sports drink to replace all the fluid theyve lost during competition. After strenuous workouts, water should also be replaced, and football athletes need to eat at to the lowest degree 500 calories of carbohydrate during the two hours following practice in order to maximize their rates of glycogen storage. CHAPTER THREE (3) 3. 0METHODOLOGY The research aims at assessing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers, in Real Tamale United Football Club in the Tamale capital, and its eff ect on nutritional status.The research will root specific questions about the factors that influence dietary pattern and food habits of footballers, foods/macronutrients commonly consumed by professional footballers; the nutritional status of footballers in the club, the physical activity level of footballers, the average energy expenditure of the footballers and then whether professional footballers meet their energy requirement. 3. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA 3. 1. 1Location and coat Tamale city is one of the eighteen districts of the northern region of Ghana. Tamale, the administrative capital of the region is located at the center of the region.The seat of government shares common boundaries with Savelugu/Nanton district on the north, and Tolon/Kumbungu district on the northwest. Also, it is bordered west and cardinal Gonja districts on the south; and east Gonja and Yendi districts on the east. The seat of government occupies a landmass with approximately 922 square kil ometers, which is about 13 percent of the total land area of the region ( shareal Coordinating Council, RCC, 2010). 3. 1. 2Vegetation and Climate The botany of the metropolis is that of a typical guinea savanna zone with tall trees such as neem, shea and kapok, interspersed with grasses.During the rainy season, the vegetation becomes luxuriant, providing green scenery. The change season is however, characterized by prohibitionist grasses with the trees shedding off their leaves as well as an exposed environment to bushfires. As a result of its location in the savanna belt, the metropolis experiences only one rainy season which begins in April/May, attains its peak in July/August and ends in September/October, and a long dry season from November to March. The mean one-year rainfall and dry sunshine stands at 1100mm and 7. 5hours respectively.On the average, the metropolis experiences only 95days of intense rainfall. Also, the average maximum and lower limit ranges are relatively 33°C -39°C and 20°C -22°C (Ghana Meteorological Services, 2010). 3. 1. 3Demographic Characteristics Tamale metropolis has a population of about 350,000 inhabitants which constitutes about 20% of the total population of the region (Ghana Statistical Services, 2008). The metropolis is heterogeneous and encompasses diverse ethnic groups that are the Dagombas, Gonjas, Mamprusi and Akans among others with the dagombas constituting about 80% of the population.Moslems are the predominant religious group followed by Christians. The most important festivals of the people of the metropolis are damba and yam festivals. However, other festivals including Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul Adha, which are Islamic festivals, are celebrated in the area. 3. 1. 4Socio-Economic Characteristics Farming is the major occupation of the people of Tamale. They cultivate rice, maize, guinea corn, cowpea, groundnuts, soybeans, yam and cassava. They also rear animals including sheep, goats, guinea fowls an d cattle.However, the crops and animals are in general produced by peri-urban and rural dwellers. Other economic ventures include groundnut oil extraction and trading by women mostly on small scale. Men are ofttimes seen to engage in smock weaving, tailoring, machine repairs, carpentry and butchery. The increasing levels of educational attainments have contributed to the number of civil servants including teachers, nurses and security personnel among others in the area. 3. 1. 5Foods Consumed A variety of foods are consumed by the people of Tamale and its environs.At home, tuo-zaafi (TZ), a staple food of the Dagombas, which is fain from maize, is consumed by most people. In general, TZ is consumed with a vegetable-based soup especially dry Okro. In the urban and peri-urban communities, TZ is usually the meal interpreted at supper, whilst a maize-based porridge or tea is taken as eat. In the metropolis, lunch is hardly ready at home, hence the people choose from a variety of st reet foods available. Thus, the people in the urban Tamale consume a lot of street foods including hot up yam, rice and beans among others. . 2THE STUDY AREA 3. 2. 1HISTORY OF RTU Real Tamale United, often called as R. T. U. , is a Ghanaian football club based in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana. They are a member of the Ghanaian Globacom premier league. Their home stadium is the Tamale Sports Stadium. The club was founded in 1976 by the first chairman Alhaji Adam. The club has 36 players periodly, of which 25 were used in this study. With the working(a) definition of a professional football team and player, RTU was the only team that met the criteria for selection in the Tamale metropolis.The club has only win the Ghana Telecom Gala once in 1997/98 season with three appearances in CAF competitions in 1992, 1996 and 1998 of which they were eliminated in the first round. Recently, the club battled for survival in the Ghanaian Globacom Premiership for two years running. 3. 3 THE STUDY tribe AND SAMPLE SELECTION The population for this study will be male professional footballers in the club. The operational definition of a professional footballer in the context of this study will be an individual who plays elite or first division club football.Football players in the Real Tamale United Football Club, in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region, were sampled purposively and used as the vox sample for this study on the basis that the club is based in Ghana, a country well known for its interest in football development; the club participates in the country’s first division known as the premiership which means all players in the club play at the top level of football in the country and finally located in the Northern Region of the country: an area where poverty and illiteracy rates are high which has influences in areas of sports nutrition and performance. . 3. 1SELECTION CRITERIA Thirty five-spot members of the Real Tamale United football squa d aged 17-30years were recruited for the study. Only 25 subjects met the requirements of being void of ailment and injury carried out during a two day fitness test in the presence of the team physiotherapist. All amounts and data were done at a time when the premier league was ongoing with players playing week in week out matches. 3. 4BODY softwood INDEX: its Calculation Body mass index is based on a weight-to-height ratio that indicates the energy reserves of an individual.BMI is a ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of the height in meters. Heights and weights are therefore the indicators for calculating the BMI of an individual. BMI is the catamenia method for calculating a healthy body weight and is based on the study of a wide variety of people from many countries. The FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) established reference values for comparing the BMI of active individuals. Mathematically; BMI = WEIGHT (Kg) / height (M? ). The unit of BMI is thus, kgm??. 3. 5BASAL METABOLIC RATES: its CalculationIt is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive and is the largest component of an average persons daily energy expenditure. The BMR is usually expressed simply as kilocalories per day or in units of energy per unit get hold area (or per kilogram body mass) per unit time. It is very difficult to determine the absolute minimum metabolic rate, but estimates are usually standardized by being do when a person is resting gently after at least(prenominal) 8 hours sleep and 12 hours since the last meal.In this study, BMR of subjects was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation which takes into consideration parameters such as age, height and weight of the individual. Mathematically; BMR (MEN) = 66 + (13. 7 X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) †(6. 8 X age in years). The unit of BMR is therefore kcal/day. 3. 6DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE natural activity levels of individuals are estimated from daily activities undert aken, taking into consideration its intensity and duration.According to Ainsworth et al (2004), these daily activities are represented as values known as physical activity ratios (PAR values). Considering the intensity and duration of the activity taken with respect to the PAR values, an estimate of the physical activity level (PAL) is determined (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The PAL values are categorized as light, moderate and heavy activity (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004) and when multiplied by the BMR of the individual, an estimation of energy expenditure is determined. Mathematically; PAL = ? (PAR ? DURATION OF ACTIVITY) ? (TIME exhausted IN EACH ACTIVITY) ENERGY EXPENDITURE = PAL ?BMR The unit of energy expenditure is thus, kcal/day or KJ. 3. 7DATA COLLECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION 3. 7. 1Questionnaire The major factor for collecting the data was semi-structured questionnaire administered to soccer players through self-reporting. The questionnaire was knowing to collect quantitative data, but some soft data was also gathered as well. The questionnaire was in three forms, namely, the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire which also had sections for anthropometric infixs, the food dairy and the physical activity dairy (Appendix I, II and III). 3. 7. 2AnthropometryAnthropometry was one of the techniques employed in the data collection and was based on the measurement of only the height and weight of the respondents. The anthropometry was do an inviolate part of the questionnaire and efforts were do to ensure that these parameters were measured to make the questionnaire completely fill. The procedures employed in carrying out the measurements are elaborated in the sections to a lower place. These procedures are based on the FAO/WHO/UNU technical report standards for the measurement of weight and height of physically active individuals. Weight measurementThe subjects were weighed using an electronic bathroom scale with an accuracy of 0. 1kg, before aurora training. The subjects wore light clothes as much as possible and on bare foot before weighing took place. each subject to be weighed was do to stand upright and in a relaxed manner on the scale with the eyes looking horizontally to the feet and the hand by the sides. The weight was then read and immediately preserve. Height Measurement Heights of the respondents were measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Prior to the measurement, it was ensured that the subjects wore neither ootwear, boots nor socks. Each subject to be measured was make to stand upright and erect against the wall, with the heels, buttocks and the upper bear touching the wall, the feet close together and the eyes looking straight. A ruler was then placed on the crown of the head towards the stadio measurements and the reading immediately record to the nearest 1. 0cm. 3. 7. 3Food intake Subjects were educated and given verbal and written book of instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in written text food intake in a food intake dairy on a free non-training day.A food intake dairy (Appendix II) was given to each of the participants to be filled according to their daily dietary intake taking into consideration meals, portion sizes, food type and quantity for septette neat days ((Bingham, 2000; Tilgner and Schiller, 1991). Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure mark recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in recording. All dairies were accumulate after seven days. Samples of estimated portion sizes of foods were acquired and weighed using a kitchen weighing scale and record to the nearest 0. g. The nutrient composition of the meals was calculated using the FAO food composition table for Africa and reported as a mean of 4 days’ food intake. This data was used to assess nutrient consumption. To assess adequacy in nutrient intake, the results obtained were compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU RDA for physically active adults (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004) . 3. 7. 4Physical Activity simulate Subjects were educated and given verbal and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in recording, as enlarge as possible, information on their daily activity patterns.A physical activity or training dairy (Appendix III) was given to each subject to be filled under sections of activity type and its duration in minutes for seven accompanying days. Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure correct recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in recording. Training sessions were constantly monitored and subjects where individually questioned in cases were irregularities in recording were encountered. Their activities were classified broadly into three categories: light, moderate and heavy. A 7-days’ activity record was compiled for each subject on imilar days when food intake was measured. The activity data were reported as a mean of 4 days’ activity records. This data was used to compute energy expenditure and nutrient requirement for each subject. 3. 7. 5Observation Several observations were made at the training fields, at inhabit bases and in homes of the subjects. These dwelled in the kinds of foods consumed and activities undertaken, the places of meal consumption and purchasing. Also, the components of training regimes were discovered and recorded. 3. 7. 6Focus-Group Discussion Focus-group discussions were held with subjects on free and camping days.Each discussion group was made up of between eight and twelve individuals with a facilitator and a recorder. The FDGs were meant to reveal certain issues that were not captured by the questionnaire and to confirm the answers provided in the semi-structured questionnaire including the factors that influence certain behaviours of subjects with respect to dietary habits and physical activity. 3. 8THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTS The study seeks to assess the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expendit ure of professional footballers of Real Tamale United FC in the Tamale metropolis.This is achieved through the mind of usual food intake and physical activity and the computation of BMI and BMR and the determination of daily energy expenditure. These have being reported as relevant measurement of an athlete’s nutritional status. The first and second objectives of which respectively seek to assess the dietary patterns and food habits and macronutrient consumption are achieved through reported nutrition questionnaires and recorded food consumption for seven consecutive days using the food dairy.The third objective, which seeks to assess the nutritional status of professional soccer players using BMI, was achieved through the measurement of height and weight of the footballers. The fourth and fifth objective, which seeks to determine the physical activity level and average energy expenditure of footballers was achieved through self-reported physical activity dairy for seven con secutive days computed using physical activity ratio with time duration (to attain physical activity levels) and physical activity levels in multiples of their BMRs (to attain energy expenditure).The sixth and final objective, which seeks to determine whether professional footballers meet their energy requirements was achieved through a self-reported food record dairy for seven consecutive days with nutrient contents of foods consumed computed using the FAO food composition table for Africa. 3. 9STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using the EpiInfo rendering 3. 2. 1 and Microsoft Excel computer programme. Results are presented as mean ±SD, range, graphs, figures and tables. Anthropometric data from players was transform into BMI to assess their nutritional status and BMR to assess physical activity levels.Dietary and physical activity data from players was transformed into nutrient requirements, physical activity levels and energy expenditure respectively to assess the level of malnutrition. 3. 10ASSUMPTIONS The most limpid assumption is that the sample represents the population. Also, it is believed that all instruments have harshness and measure the required value. We assume that participants will not modify their habitual diet patterns and food habits during the course of the study week. Finally, we assume that respondents will answer sincerely all questionnaires and report truthfully in both the food and activity dairies. CHAPTER FOUR (4) . 0RESULTS The physical characteristics of the twenty five (25) subjects are shown in Table 4. 1. prohibited of the 25 subjects studied, only one weighed less than 60kg while the range indicated (57 and 87kg) were the two extreme body weights recorded in this study. Their body mass index (kg/m? ) ranged from 19. 38 to 30. 3 kg/m? ; out of the 25 subjects studied, only two were over the 190cm (1. 9m) while the range indicated (1. 52 and 1. 95m) were the extreme heights recorded in the study. Table 4. 1 Physical characteristics of subjects ParametersMeans (25)SDRange Age (yrs. )23. 684. 2417-30 Weight (kg)70. 647. 657-87 Height (m)1. 69. 41. 52-1. 95 BMI (kg/m? )23. 082. 719. 38-30. 3 4. 1Dietary Patterns and Habits 4. 1. 1Favourite Food Choices of Subjects The general meal patterns were obtained through self-reported food dairies. Porridges and beverages took the highest frequency of consumption in term of its 7day presence in diets and its frequency among subjects. Records for breakfast shows that baby porridge made from corn, millet or rice, beans and groundnuts (tom brown) is mostly consumed by all subjects (100%). Fufu was the least consumed diet within the 7day period (2days) with Tuo Zaafi recording the least number of subject patronages (7subjects).The results of the common foods taken, their frequencies in the diet and meal times are shown in table 4. 2. TABLE 4. 2 Common foods eaten by players SOURCES OF MACRONUTRIENTS (FOODS)FREQUENCY IN DIET (7DAYS) FREQUENCY OF SUBJECTSEATING MOMENTS Plain rice/jollof rice5days20Lunch and dinner party Kenkey (Ga and Fante)3days15Lunch Tuo Zaafi4days7Dinner Banku5days18Lunch and dinner Fried rice and chicken 4days22Lunch and dinner Soups (groundnut, palm nut, light, Okro)3days20Lunch and dinner Porridges (baby, hausa, tom brown)7days25Breakfast Meat and Beef7days21Lunch and dinner Fufu2days11Lunch and dinnerYam (boiled and heat)4days14Lunch and dinner Rice and beans (waakye)5days16Lunch Egg (fried and boiled)3days20Breakfast and lunch beverages (tea, oats, fruit drinks)7days22Breakfast and as a snack fish (fried)3days17Lunch and dinner 4. 1. 2Eating moments An assessment of the usual food pattern revealed that 90. 7% of the players took at least three meals a day. virtually meal times skipped were breakfast and lunch, that is, 57. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Table 4. 3 The alimentation moments of players in terms of meals skipped Meal TimeFrequencyPercentage BREAKFAST457. 14 LUNCH228. 57 SUPPER114 TOTAL7100 4. 1. R easons for players food choices The reasons for the choice of foods by the subjects among others included convenience, lack of money, inability to cook, general sports reasons and food availability. The results indicated (as shown in figure 1) that, 10 of the players made food choices based on sports reasons. Figure 1The reasons for food choices of players 4. 1. 4General Food Habits of Players (Sports Nutrition) From the results obtained from the questionnaire on general sports nutrition, 60% of the players consume fried rice and chicken before a competitive match with 40% consuming plain rice and stew.Players gave various reasons such as its easy and fast digestion, it not been too heavy, it been recommended by coaches and it been the only available food given at the camp base. 68% of players consumed these foods 3-4hrs before a match with 24% and 8% consuming theirs at 4 or more hours and 2-3hrs respectively. Most of the players gave similar reasons for eating at these times as gi ving the food ample time to digest. 92% of the players take fluids such as bottled water, glucose solution and energy drinks during a match. 88% of the players take 1-3 of 300ml fluid whiles 12% take 4-7 of 300ml of fluid.Snacks consumed before and during a match included energy drinks, glucose mixtures, soft drinks, savouries among others. Most snacks were taken 2hours before a match. 56% of the players take nutrition supplements such as multivitamin capsules, iron and zinc capsules and blood tonics. Reasons such as increasing energy levels, boosting appetite and to aid in the body’s fast recovery were given. 64. 29% of the players take these supplements all the time and they get these supplements from the pharmacy shops. 96% of the players buy roadside foods such as fried rice, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. 2% of the players eat once a while at the restaurant with 44% and 4% eating at times and all the time at the restaurant respectively. 80% of players eat home disposed(p) meals. 4. 2NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PLAYERS BMI CATEGORIES (kg/m? )FREQUENCYPERCENTAGES (%)INTERPRETATION 0. 05), suggesting average energy balance was achieved. The mean intakes of the energy producing macronutrients were 37. 18%, 43. 23% and 19. 6% for carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively. When reported as a percentage of total calories, carbohydrate and protein intakes were significantly lower and higher (p > 0. 05) respectively of the recommended levels.Fat intake was significantly higher (p > 0. 05) than the higher value in the recommended range (35%). When macronutrient intake is expressed in g/kg/day (Table 4. 6), carbohydrate and protein intakes fell below and above their recommended ranges. The table below shows the mean energy and macronutrient intake of players. MealsMean of IntakesPercentagesSDRange full(a) energy intakes (KJ/day) Breakfast763. 2927. 42178. 09256-1019. 4 Lunch1015. 2136. 47227. 22680. 9-1723. 3 Dinner1004. 9836. 12286. 07528-1637 replete(p)278 3. 48100451. 551985. 6-4105. 5 Total energy intake in proteins (KJ/day) Breakfast349. 7564. 1294. 97106. 3-437. 2Lunch89. 8816. 4837. 9930. 8-183. 0 Dinner105. 8519. 461. 5134. 9-253. 4 Total (%TEI)545. 49100 (19. 6)130. 81297-783. 9 Total energy intake in carbohydrates (KJ/day) Breakfast282. 427. 2974. 46116. 7-438. 7 Lunch360. 3234. 8283. 9265. 5-642. 3 Dinner392. 0937. 89129. 15172. 1-790 Total (%TEI)1034. 79100(37. 18)168. 79768. 1-1507. 3 Total energy intake in fats (KJ/day) Breakfast111. 189. 2459. 9433. 2-280. 5 Lunch595. 7349. 5309. 55296-1793. 7 Dinner496. 2941. 25150. 02206. 1-838. 4 Total (%TEI)1203. 20100 (43. 23)373. 25756. 8-2587. 5 TABLE 4. 6The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in terms of meal times.Energy intake from the table above indicates slightly higher levels of consumption at lunch times over dinner times at 1015. 21kcal/day (36. 47%) and 1004. 98kcal/day (36. 12%) respectively. Energy intakes range from 1985. 6-4105. 5kcal/day. Macronutr ient intakes were slightly distributed across all meal times. Table 4. 7The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in comparison with FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 reference values. IntakesMeans (kcal/dayPercentageskcal/kg/dayg/kg/dayReference: g/kg/day (%range) Energy (TDEI)2783. 43-39. 4-3500-4300 kcal/day Carbohydrate1034. 7937. 1814. 653. 7-12 (45-65) Protein545. 4919. 67. 721. 91. 2-1. 7 (10-35) Fat1203. 243. 2317. 031. 9- (20-35) TDEE3932. 55-55. 67†TDEI2783. 45-39. 4†TDEE-TDEI1149. 1-16. 27†4. 4. 2Difference in energy intake and expenditure According to data gotten from both the food and physical activity dairy, the mean energy deficit is 1134kcal/day (16. 1kcal/kg/day). Energy intake was slightly higher than expenditure at target 7, 11 and 20 representing 141. 76kcal/day, 1045. 7kcal/day and 447kcal/day in extra energy respectively. Figure 3 shows the graphical illustration of energy intake as against expenditure.Figure 3Energy intake and expenditure of pla yers CHAPTER FIVE (5) 5. 0DISCUSSION 5. 1DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS The dietary changes observed among these players are consistent with the findings of Rodriguez (2009) on changes in dietary habits as to a high protein intake of players in particular. R. Maughan (2000) suggested that football players tend to consume high intakes of protein with the spirit of increasing muscle mass. This was not different with the current study as players consumed high levels of protein based foods due to its easy access and availability within the study area.The players also had habits of consuming foods high in fat leading to its contribution of 43. 23% to total energy intake, as these levels of fat proportion may be detrimental to health (Martin et al, 2006). Cost, availability and convenience were challenges and these made them adapt to the habit of patronizing wayside foods (96%). It is, therefore, not surprising that majority ate fried rice and chicken, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. Alth ough breakfast is an important meal of the day, quite a significant number of players in this study skipped it.Skipping breakfast may also lead to over eating during the rest of the day. Most of the foods consumed were from staples but these resulted in very low carbohydrate intakes (1034. 79 ± 168. 8 kcal/day). These may be as a result of the poor nutrient content of the foods as a result of poor cooking habits as foods eaten are prepared by food vendors (C. Nti, 2009). Meals consumed before a match was plain rice and tomato stew which may have negative effect on performance, with respect to the tomato stew which is high in fat, and this may hinder the fast release of energy to the body for endurance activities.The over reliance on wayside food and players left to fend for themselves with no amount of supervision may be detrimental to health and nutritional status. Most of these way side foods have very high levels of fat and this may account for the high amount of fat in diets. The eating behaviour of the players might have been influenced by other factors including food availability, convenience and personal income level, as these seemingly determine an individual’s food choice and habit. Thus one cannot eat foods if they are not available, cannot be prepared or cannot be afforded. . 2MACRONUTRIENTS Carbohydrate is the primary fuel substrate during soccer, and consequently high dietary intakes of 45-65% of total calorific intake have been recommended for athletes (Clark, 1994; Bangsbo et al, 2006; Ebine et al. , 2002) and footballers (Burke et al, 2004; IOM, 2002). In this study, carbohydrate intake was significantly lower than these recommendations (37. 18 ± 6. 1%, p < 0. 05). When expressed relative to body mass (weight), the daily carbohydrate intake of 3. g/kg/day was way below the recommended 7-12g/kg/day for very active individuals (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The current data provide further evidence to the commonly observed low carbohydrate intakes that are insufficient for adequate glycogen replacement in male athletes (R. Maughan, 2000). Dietary recommendations for promoting maximal glycogen replacement and for the maintenance of muscle glycogen levels are to consume a high carbohydrate diet, 45-60% (IOM, 2002) and a daily intake of 7-12g/kg/day (Bangsbo et al, 2006).Based upon these recommendations, players in the current study reported carbohydrate intakes that are likely to be inadequate to replace muscle and liver glycogen stores which rapidly deplete during repeated bouts of high intensity exercise performed during training and competition (Bangsbo et al, 2006). Ultimately, both the quality of training and match perform\r\n'